Information Technology infrastructure for businesses Essay

Information Technology infrastructure for businesses - Essay Example Moreover, which would be the needs of such plan, meaning especially the people, organization and technology issues related to the specific business initiatives. Also, the implications of choosing hardware and software for the IT systems of a particular organization would be taken into consideration by the organization’s managers at an early stage, i.e. while planning the specific project, aiming to limit the chances of a potential failure. Choosing hardware and software for the organization can be a critical decision. IT systems have a key role in the development of each firm’s operations. However, their involvement in daily organizational activities can be differentiated across firms in accordance with the sector in which the firm operates, the business culture and the funds available for the support of the organization’s IT infrastructure. ... At the same time, choosing the appropriate hardware and software could affect the development of the organization; a highly performing IT system can result to the increase of the quality of customer services and the improvement of communication – exchange of information – across the organization; in other words, an effective IT system can lead to the increase of organizational performance offering to the organization a competitive advantage towards its rivals. However, in order for the above choice to be successful, it is necessary for certain people, organization and technology issues to be taken into consideration. More specifically, the managers involved in the specific decision have to ensure that the organization’s employees have the skills and capabilities required for handling the chosen software and hardware. Without the appropriately skilled staff, the new hardware and software would be of no value for the organization. Of course, it would be possible fo r the organization’s employees to be trained accordingly – a scheme which would be necessary in any case, under the terms that the chosen software and hardware would have specific requirements and the firm’s employees could not be aware of all of them (Kangas 2003). At the next level, it is required that the technology chosen to be compatible with the firm’s existing IT systems; if the replacement of the firm’s IT network is decided, then it would be made sure that the chosen hardware and software could cooperate – for example, a common operational environment would be chosen for the firm’s computers. Moreover, the cost of the software/ hardware chosen should be taken into consideration; this cost would include: the cost of the system’s

Annotated bibliography /history of russian mafia

/history of russian mafia - Annotated Bibliography Example The ominous KGB was a "Mafia" in its own right. What developed in the 1990s was not just a culmination of what existed in the Communist Era or the start of Perestroika. These networks started long before. The criminal underworld has been part of Russian life for centuries. The realities of the Russian Mafia differ because they integrate every aspect of Russian society. Whereas other Mafias are different, the Russian Mafia has much more control over society. It is only in studying the history of how the society has developed then how quickly it has changed since 1991, that the true Mafia will be understood. Anderson, Annelise & Edward Lazear ed. The Red Mafia: A Legacy of Communism. "Economic Transition in Eastern Europe and Russia: Realities of Reform". Stanford, California: The Hoover Institution Press, 1995. Web. The mafia has been a necessary link from a communist to a market economy. The following article analyzes its origins as being part of the Soviet system. In the 1970s the use of the term mafia was used to describe the black market and those KGB members who extorted them at the cost of all. Mrs Anderson describes the term mafia in different countries. One element which is universal and first used in the Soviet Union to describe the mafia was "a group that is characterized by profit-oriented criminal activity, that uses violence or the threat of violence, that expends resources to discourage, cooperation of its members with the police and that corrupts legitimate governmental authority". There are 3 conditions that need to be met for the mafia to develop: loss of legitimate power ; a top heavy bureaucratic state; and the potential of illegal markets. These three conditions have been part of the Russian territory for centuries but the articles only concentrates on the Soviet Union . Other comparisons that she makes are left out as they do not meet

Human Resource Management Models in Healthcare

Human Resource Management Models in Healthcare John Murphy Baltazar Molina Assess the impact and the purpose of applying strategic human resource management models in a healthcare organisation. Assess the impact of human resource management activities in an organisation. The Impacts of Human Resource Management (HRM) Activities in an Organisation Human Resource Models Contingency Model Contingency model is a type of model that believes that there is no best way to lead a company, to make decisions, or organise an organisation. Instead, the ideal course of action is contingent upon the external and internal situation. A contingent leader efficiently relates their style of leadership at the right time and in the right situation. Organisations are open system that requires cautious management to balance and satisfy internal needs and to cope to environmental conditions. The suitable management rest on the type of duty or environment that is being dealt. Nevertheless, it is essential for management to be concerned, above all else, with achieving good fits and balance. In general, human resources refer to the whole workforce within an organisation and structural contingency theory is concerned with the whole workforce (Armstrong, 2011). In a wider sense, human resources can direct a specific department within the organisation. This may include hiring the qualified people for the job, addressing complaints, dealing with low productivity and resolving conflicts. These challenges all involve putting structural contingency theory into practice. David Guest Model David Guest Model considers that a key policy goal for human resource management is strategic integration (Armstrong, 2011) by which he indicates the organisation’s capability to integrate human resource management matters into strategic procedures, to deliver for line managers to join a human resource management view into the decision making, and to guarantee that the several facets in human resource management adhere. The Guest Model of Human Resource Management (Source: Armstrong, 2011) The central idea of David Guest Model is that human resource management practices must be intended to create high-quality personnel who are flexible and has commitment to the organisation. Employees that are committed and bound to the organisation are vital in human resource management outcome. The assertion of the Guest model that it is higher than the others is partially acceptable in the logic that it visibly draws out the field of human resource manager and describes the outcomes and inputs. But then again, because of the complexity of the dynamics of people management no model (including the Guest model) can capture them broadly. Best Practice Model Johnson (2000) specifies, that the greatest practices are described as human resource approaches and systems that have additive, positive, and universal effects on organisational performance. This meaning is linked to the point that the best practices that the organisation hires, each will augment to the previous, thus compounding the organisation’s resulting performance The Best Practice model would lead to a high performing work system because of it presents the idea to enhance the employees’ knowledge and ability in a just recruitment and training process. In addition, this model indicates to motivate desired behaviours through strong incentives which employees would be happy and be motivated to work hard and be dedicated to work in the organisation. Also, it encourages ideas and contribution from motivated and better trained workers. No man has a monopoly of knowledge, so every idea, opinion, or feedback should be welcomed to improve. Human Resource Management (HRM) Activities Job Analysis There is a developing interest in concentrating on the competencies that individuals need in order to execute jobs rather than on the duties, responsibilities, and tasks comprising a job. Organisations should invest in their employees by not overloading them with responsibilities. The point here is that when an employee is overloaded with responsibilities they tend to miss small things which could be of value in the end. Human Resource Planning Human resource planning is when managers endeavour to anticipate problems that will impact the future demand and supply for employees. It is crucial to have adequate human resource information systems to provide timely and accurate information for human resource planning. Employee Recruitment Compliance with countries laws and regulations about equal employment opportunity affects all other human resource activities and is essential to human resource management. For instance, strategic human resource plans is obligated to guarantee adequate availability of a variety of individuals to meet affirmative requirements. Employers should be resourceful in recruiting applicants by posting on the internet or making ads on public places. Employee Selection Employee selection is an activity wherein the human resource managers assess the applications of the applicants. This is a crucial activity because the employers should select the best and qualified applicants on the list. All employers should be fair in hiring people by accepting them based on their qualifications and not because of other reasons like same race or family friend. Performance Appraisal Performance appraisal is a term used to describe the process set by an organisation to ensure all employees are aware of the level of performance expected of them in that role (HRINZ, 2011). Performance management system is in place in most organisations. For instance, an organisation is conducting trainings for their employees to be updated of the universal safety precautions. Human Resource Development As our work change and evolve, on-going retraining is necessary to accommodate technological changes. It is essential to prepare organisations for future challenges by boosting development of all employees including managers and supervisors. Compensation Compensation is payment to an employee for their contribution to the organisation, that is, for doing their job(McNamara, n.d.). The most common forms of compensation are salaries, wages, and salaries. Organisations typically associate job description with compensation ranges in the organisation. The ranges comprise the maximum and the minimum sum of money that can be made per year in that role. Benefits Employee benefits usually refer to retirement plans, life insurance, vacation leave, health insurance, and many more. In addition, benefits are more likely a form of value, other than payment, that is given to the employee to repay their contribution to the organisation, that is, for doing their job. Some benefits, such as unemployment and workers compensation, are federally required (McNamara, n.d.). Industrial Relations Industrial relations are multidisciplinary field that studies the mutual aspects of the employment relationship (VUW Career Development and Employment, 2010). It is increasingly being called employment relations because of the importance of non-industrial employment relationships. In addition, industrial relations are concerned with the social justice of decent work and unbiased employment. Most of the people often consider industrial relations as unionised employment situations and labour relations, but it is more than that. Industrial relations cover issues of concern to managers and employees at the workplace, including workplace management strategy, bargaining, participation and employee representation, union management cooperation, job design, workplace reform, skill development, and new technology (VUW Career Development and Employment, 2010) Health and Safety Programs The mental and physical health and safety of the employees are critical concerns. The traditional apprehensions are health issues arising from hazardous work with certain chemicals and newer technologies (Armstrong, 2011). Through a wider focus on health, health resource management can support employees with substance abuse and other problems. Employee wellness programs can help to promote exercise and good health should become more widespread. Manage Diversity Workforce diversity acknowledges the reality that people differ in many ways, invisible or visible, gender, marital status, social status, sexual orientation, disability, religion, ethnicity, personality, and culture (Armstrong, 2011). Effective diversity management has been historically utilised to deliver a legally defensible position towards charges of discrimination. Timesheet Management A timesheet is also known as the roster or schedules made by managers for all the employees including themselves. Making the timesheet is also a vital task by the human resource managers. They need to put workers on every shift and make other options to fill those who are on leave. The Impact of Harvard Framework Model to the HRM Activities There are two characteristic features of human resource management (Armstrong, 2011). Firstly, managers take added accountability for guaranteeing the alignment of personnel policies and competitive strategy. Secondly, employees has the task of following the policies that direct how personnel activities are developed and implemented in ways that make them more mutually reinforcing. The Harvard Framework has applied substantial impact on the practice and theory of Human Resource Management, mainly in its emphasis on the point that Human Resource Management is the apprehension of management in general rather than the employees function in particular. The Harvard Analytical Framework for Human Resource Management In addition, it is based on central philosophy and planned vision. It involves management decisions and actions reflecting the relationship between the firm and its employees. It emphasizes on the importance of proper management of the human assets of an organisation to promote harmony and hence promote the output. The Harvard framework of human resource management views employees as resources (Armstrong, 2003). This type of method distinguishes the section of mutuality in all kinds of businesses. In an organisation employees are considered significant stakeholders. They have their personal needs and concerns alongside with other groups such as customers and shareholders. Currently, many pressures are demanding a more comprehensive, more strategic, and broader perspective with respect to the human resources in an organisation. Managing people in a long term perspective and treatment of people as possible assets rather than simply a variable cost have been generated because of these pressures. The Contribution and Importance of Strategic Human Resource Management The influence of HRM strategy on organisational strategy Nowadays, the success of the organisation basically depends on the capabilities and experience of its members (Kumar, 2011). An organisation may have the technology and capital, but it is human resources that will support organisations take on challenges of business globalization. Technology can be produced and capital can be generated. But the human resources needed in an organisation that can manage the coming challenges must be rightly and properly motivated and encouraged. The Influence of Human Resource Management Strategy on Organisational Performance Human resource managerial strategies shown by organisations pursuing to progress organisational performance have been categorised in two broad kinds depending on their basic character being oriented to the rise of human resources’ level of skill or else of the grade of participation of personnel in the performance of the firm and organisational strategy. Labour productivity and organisational performance are positively related to diverse features of HR management systems (McGrath, 1996), such as recruitment and selection, training programs, performance evaluation, compensation and benefits, and innovative practices. Similarly, some research has shown that firms characterized by the use of the above practices outperform those that display inflexible HR strategies within the same economic sector. The Influence of Human Resource Management Strategy on the Alignment of Organisational Strategies Majority of the organisations consider the department of human resources as an managerial aspect and disregard the opportunity and need to align it within the strategic plans (Righeimer, n.d.). In situations where human resource is involved in the strategy of the organisation, its alignment doesn’t exceed the projecting function. Because the human resource does not hold a seat at the strategic planning table it is not aligned with the strategy of an organisation. The irony with the human resource being left behind in the strategic planning is that by its nature, human resource is about people, which is the strategic plan and fundamental of an organisation. My assumption is that it is difficult to measure the success of human resources and thus it is thought to be soft and not significant in the development of a strategy. What is measured gets done and obtains the authority to donate in an organisation’s strategy. The Impact of Strategic Human Resource Management on the Policy Making in an Organisation Employee Influence The method in which organisations manage their employees is considered a vital factor in assisting success or even failure for an organisation in today’s competitive setting. The core key to an organisation’s prosperity and effectiveness depends on how employees are managed, therefore, allowing it to have a competitive advantage versus other organisation. My assumption is that when an organisation or its human resource manager will provide company bonuses, benefits, and a good compensation to their employees will benefit from an effective and motivated workforce. This is because organisations that shows a keen interest in their employees and promote commitment based strategies through various HRM practices will benefit the most as they will see lower levels of employee turnover (The WritePass Journal, 2014) Work Systems One of the core principles of strategic HRM is to evaluate how the performance of an organisation is influenced by the way employees are managed (Farooq, 2013). Several measures have been implemented in human resource practices that have been tested to progress the effectiveness of the employees and to anticipate higher standards of organisational performance. Most of these methods include high commitment work system, high standard work structures, high performance human resource management and work systems. No matter the possibilities these systems may vary in the method of improving the employee efficiency, their conjoint track is that organisations can attain high performance by accepting practices that leverage and recognise employees’ ability to make value. To generate an all-out impact these practices are most operative when they are applied in groups because of their joint effects on performance. Reward Systems Reward management is about controlling and examining employee remuneration, compensation and all of the other benefits. Reward management targets to generate and proficiently function a reward system for an organisation. Reward system typically contains pay practices and policy, payroll and salary management, minimum wage, total reward, team reward and executive pay. References Armstrong, M. (2003). A Handbook of Human Resource Management Practice 9th edition. Retrieved from http://books.google.co.nz/books?hl=enlr=id=2AGbuhlTXV0Coi=fndpg=PR17dq=harvard+framework+model+of+hrmots=ZmKpYHrRC8sig=fUfPlB4Grf2P5tmsZKwdMAHaQsw#v=onepageq=harvard framework model of hrmf=false Armstrong, M. (2011). Armstrong’s Handbook of Strategic Human Resource Management 5th edition. Retrieved from http://books.google.co.nz/books?id=kJfSzYIBpWwCprintsec=frontcoverdq=Strategic+Human+resource+Management:+a+Guide+to+actionhl=ensa=Xei=pXiCU6r8KsXLkgWr74CADwved=0CFYQ6AEwBA#v=onepageq=Strategic Human resource Management: a Guide to actionf=false Brewster, C. and Mayrhofer, W. (2012). Handbook of Research on Comparative Human Resource Management, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Inc Farooq, S. (2013). Strategic Human Resource Management – High Performance Work System. Retrieved from http://gemconsulting.wordpress.com/2013/04/27/strategic-human-resource-management-high-performance-work-systems/ Human Resources Institute of New Zealand. (2011). Performance Appraisals and 360 Degree Feedback. Retrieved from http://www.hrinz.org.nz/Site/Resources/Knowledge_Base/I-P/performance_appraisals.aspx Kumar, N. (2011). The Influence of Organisational and Human Resource Management Strategies on Performance. Retrieved from http://www.performancexpress.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/Vol45_04_18.pdf McGrath, R. (1996). ‘Improving Labour Productivity: Human Resource Management Policies do Matter’, Strategic Management Journal 17(5): 335-354 McNamara, C. (n.d.). Employee Benefits and Compensation (Employee Pay). Retrieved from http://managementhelp.org/payandbenefits/index.htm?PHPSESSID=900e2200ce5dd66bf5c5a7252da24633 Righeimer, J. (n.d.). Aligning Human Resources Strategic Plans. Retrieved from http://www.maverickec.com/index_files/Aligning HR Strategy epulse.pdf The WritePass Journal. (2014). How can HRM Practices Influence Employee Commitment and Overcome High Employee Turnover. Retrieved from http://writepass.com/journal/2012/12/how-can-hrm-practices-influence-employee-commitment-and-overcome-high-employee-turnover/ Victoria University Wellington (VUW) Career Development and Employment. (2010). Human Resource Management and Industrial Relations. Retrieved from http://www.victoria.ac.nz/st_services/careers/resources/career_publications/career_view/hrm_and_ir.pdf 1

The Scaffold and Forest in Nathaniel Hawthornes Scarlet Letter :: Scarlet Letter essays

The Scaffold and Forest in The Scarlet Letter Nathaniel Hawthorne's work, The Scarlet Letter, focuses on the small Puritan community of Boston during the seventeenth century. In the center of the town is a " . . .weather darkened scaffold. . . (234)" where sinners are made to face the condemning public. The accused experience strange phenomena while on the scaffold - some become braver, some meeker. And whether the public is looking at them or not, they become their true selves on the scaffold. In essence, everything that is real and true occurs on the scaffold, and everything that is illusion or hypocrisy occurs everywhere else. The forest is also a setting where characters find the truth about themselves. Most settlers to the forest are people who are outsiders from society. They are untainted by the views of the townspeople and can see beyond the lies and hypocrisy of the townspeople. The experiences of the people on the scaffold and in the forest lend themselves to a higher issue, reality vs. perception. In the Scarlet Letter, Hawthorne shows how people create their own reality with what they see. The Scaffold is not only a high view point the in market place but a site where one can see beyond the restraints of town and even time. For one person, " . . . the scaffold of the pillory was the point of view that revealed to Hester Prynne the entire track which she had been treading since her happy infancy (p65)". The experience of the scaffold has a profound effect on Hester. Living on the border between the town and the forest, she learns new freedom while seeing the conformist repression of the town. Hester sees what the townspeople ignore. She soon believes that because of her punishment on the scaffold and her perpetual reminder of it, the scarlet letter, she sees the sins of the entire townspeople and the hypocrisy of keeping them secret. Thus, her time on the scaffold has made her see the truth of the town and its lies. Reverend Dimmesdale has a similar experience on the scaffold. Troubled by his sins and his failure to confess them, the reverend ascends the pillory in the dead of night to "confess" his sins to the world. Even though on one sees him, Dimmesdale feels " . The Scaffold and Forest in Nathaniel Hawthorne's Scarlet Letter :: Scarlet Letter essays The Scaffold and Forest in The Scarlet Letter Nathaniel Hawthorne's work, The Scarlet Letter, focuses on the small Puritan community of Boston during the seventeenth century. In the center of the town is a " . . .weather darkened scaffold. . . (234)" where sinners are made to face the condemning public. The accused experience strange phenomena while on the scaffold - some become braver, some meeker. And whether the public is looking at them or not, they become their true selves on the scaffold. In essence, everything that is real and true occurs on the scaffold, and everything that is illusion or hypocrisy occurs everywhere else. The forest is also a setting where characters find the truth about themselves. Most settlers to the forest are people who are outsiders from society. They are untainted by the views of the townspeople and can see beyond the lies and hypocrisy of the townspeople. The experiences of the people on the scaffold and in the forest lend themselves to a higher issue, reality vs. perception. In the Scarlet Letter, Hawthorne shows how people create their own reality with what they see. The Scaffold is not only a high view point the in market place but a site where one can see beyond the restraints of town and even time. For one person, " . . . the scaffold of the pillory was the point of view that revealed to Hester Prynne the entire track which she had been treading since her happy infancy (p65)". The experience of the scaffold has a profound effect on Hester. Living on the border between the town and the forest, she learns new freedom while seeing the conformist repression of the town. Hester sees what the townspeople ignore. She soon believes that because of her punishment on the scaffold and her perpetual reminder of it, the scarlet letter, she sees the sins of the entire townspeople and the hypocrisy of keeping them secret. Thus, her time on the scaffold has made her see the truth of the town and its lies. Reverend Dimmesdale has a similar experience on the scaffold. Troubled by his sins and his failure to confess them, the reverend ascends the pillory in the dead of night to "confess" his sins to the world. Even though on one sees him, Dimmesdale feels " .

Annie Dillard’s The Chase Essay

Annie Dillard’s essay, â€Å"The Chase†, uses many rhetorical elements in the thesis to reach her audience; some of these include parataxis, climax, and hyperbole. In the essay Dillard states that â€Å"The point was that he had chased us passionately without giving up, and so he had caught us. † This helps clarify the thesis as, childhood is a playful time and adults should maintain a playful spirit. â€Å"The Chase† is about the author and her neighborhood friends throwing snow balls at cars one winter day. The day was going well and without trouble, no adults were bothering their fun, until someone hit a black Buick that was driving down the street. The man in the car then stopped the car and got out and started to chase the children. The man chased them through hedges, down streets, every backyard and block after block. At this point it was only Dillard and her friend Mikey running from the man because the other children when their separate ways. Eventually the man caught them because the children grew tired. The man only said â€Å"You stupid kids. † Dillard describes this statement as â€Å"redundant, a mere formality. † Dillard believes the point of the chase was that the man chased them passionately, without giving up, and all he did was say those three words she will never forget. Dillard uses many rhetorical elements to help prove the thesis, one of these is climax. She uses this element to keep a suspenseful mood for the reader wanting and waiting to see what happens next. An example of this in the story is when the black Buick was coming down the street and when the car makes it to them they unleash snowballs at the car. The example of climax in this part of the story is when the driver starts to open the door; this is a climax because the reader is waiting to see what happens and starts asking questions in their head like what is the driver going to do? is he going to hurt the kids or is he just going to yell at them? Another example of climax occurs as the driver finally catches the kids on the top of the hill by their jackets. This is an example of climax because the author builds up the essay by adding suspenseful phrases and because the reader is asking questions again such as is the driver going to hurt the children or is he going to bring them back to their parents. Both examples help the audience comprehend Dillard’s thesis by conveying to the reader that adults should have a more childlike spirit. Another rhetorical element that Dillard uses in her essay is hyperbole; she uses this element to exaggerate parts of the story to keep the reader interested. An example of this is when Dillard is talking about what would have happened if they ran all of the way to the Panama Canal and what the man would have done if the man caught them. Dillard says, â€Å"He could have fried Mikey Fahey and me in boiling oil, say or dismembered us in piecemeal, or staked us to anthills. Another example of a hyperbole is â€Å"If in that snowy backyard the driver of the black Buick had cut off our heads, Mikey’s and mine, I would have died happy, for nothing has required so much of me since as being chased all over Pittsburg in the middle of winter—running terrified, exhausted—by this sainted, skinny, furious red headed man who wished to have a word with us. † In this quote, Dillard is exaggerating the fact that the man would have cut off their heads and that she would have died happy because the man had committed to chase them all day, meanwhile, all the man wanted to do was scold them. Dillard also uses a third rhetorical element in her essay, parataxis. Dillard uses this to help her story by writing independent clauses to emphasize what she is writing. An example of this in Dillard’s essay is after Mikey and she get caught by the man. Dillard writes â€Å"We three stood staggering, half blinded, coughing, in an obscure hilltop backyard; a man in his twenties, a boy, a girl. He had released our jackets, our pursuer, our captor our hero: He knew we weren’t going anywhere. This helps in explaining the thesis that this experience was just like a playful game of tag between the man and the two friends. Another example of the rhetorical element is â€Å"It was a long time before he could speak. I had some difficulty at first recalling why we were there. My lips felt swollen; I couldn’t see out of the sides of my eyes; I kept coughing. † This example shows how tired they were from running around the community that almost seems like a childish game of tag, explaining the thesis. Throughout â€Å"The Chase,† Dillard utilizes rhetorical elements that serve as a function. They help her convey meaning and purpose in her writing. Three examples that I found evident were climax, hyperbole and parataxis. The use of all three of these elements made the story interesting and ultimately leads the reader to a better understanding of the thesis because it creates a more lifelike feel to the story by the reader being able to relate to it.

Run Lola Run Speach

Distinctively visual Images and the ideas conveyed through them can both enhance or challenge our understanding of the world and humanity. Ideas associated with images can be powerfull enough to provoke further thinking and understanding of certain matters. This is greatly evident in the 1998 German thriller film â€Å"Run Lola Run† directed and written by Tom Tykwer together with the poem â€Å"Summer Rain† by John Foulcher. Through the use of strong images these two texts manage to express their main ideas such as chaos and its relationship with time. In â€Å"RLR† we witness the protagonists facing dilemma due to these two aspects of the world, seeking to overcome them with determination and love. Meanwhile â€Å"Summer Rain† shows the unpredictability of these ideas and their destructive power to harm or chip away. In â€Å"RLR† Tykwer made chaos and time two influences against which the protagonist â€Å"Lola† is working due to the conviction of her love for Manni. The composer combines the ideas of chaos and time through the fast paced, rapidly altered camera shots differentiating in angles and lengths. This is prominent during all three of Lola’s twenty minute runs. The camera is set on Lola yet changes its angles and lengths to synchronize with Lola turning corners, avoiding obstacles and the change in location. The Fast paced camera action allows us the audience see Lola’s perception of her progress to save her lover Manni within twenty mins. This constant rapid camera work during the running scenes emphasizes the chaotic atmosphere a common reaction when working against time. The chaotic atmosphere distorts the time and progress in the mind of the audience and Lola. The use of a split screen where Lola is on the left running towards the right, facing in the direction of Manni as well as well as an image of a clock ticking on the bottom avoids this distortion of time in the last crucial minutes. Showing her progress during the last minute enhances the intensity yet gives the audience a much more vivid understanding of the situation, much like when we check our watches when we arrive somewhere late or at the last minute of a given deadline. These distinctive visual features allow the audience to understand Lola’s state of mind in this complication, to which we can partially relate in the modern era. â€Å"The Summer Rain† provides further evidence of the relationship of chaos and time. John Foulcher is explaining about the rush hour traffic which is present at a certain time which will create disorder in someone’s schedule if adaptations are not made. â€Å"At 4 o'clock† cars/† The use of high modality giving us the context of images. The composer introduces us to the setting with the use of time conveying utmost in importance. The visual imagery creates a sense of a disordered environment, â€Å"clutter on the highway like abacus beads† the simile creating a perfect image of the disturbance to the responder. He then addresses the destructive nature of chaos â€Å"Somewhere ahead, there's been an accident/One by one, the engines/stop, the cars slump into dusk. † By using linear narrative, imagery of the turmoil along with rhythmic sentence and personification the poet allows the audience to synchronize with the series of events, which seem happen within seconds. With constant use of visual Imagery the author conveys the idea of and unifies it with time via use of simple rhythmic sentence. Both Composers use distinctively visual techniques as to enhance, convey their ideas and allow the wider audience to connect with the circumstances imposed in on characters in the texts, ‘Run Lola Run’ and â€Å"summer rain† use combination of Visual Techniques together with language devices to subject the to send the idea through to the audience. It is through the use of imagery that we more effectively understand certain ideas that are in relevant to the world and humanity.

Free Essays on The Big Random

In the play â€Å"The Big Random† the two main characters Roland and Claire have certain behaviors that they regret at times. The behaviors reflected in the play do relate to particular patterns that students may reflect or demonstrate. In my life I have successfully completed an elementary and junior/senior high school education. Through these years I have developed many habitual behaviors that deal with my school work and classroom performance. Reflecting on the past years of my educational career there are behaviors that I believe have proven to be helpful and essential to my educational success and then there are behaviors that I wish to change for they may limit my ability in the classroom. Through my years of education and classroom performance I can conclude that there are particular behaviors or habits that I believe are aspects that may limit my performance and success. I believe one of my habits that I would like to change would be the fact that I am a procrastinator. I am the type of person that allows the work load to build up and complete the assignment the day before it is to be handed in. It is my belief that completing my assignment at the very last second will limit the thought and knowledge I would put forth in my school work. The most affective way to change my work schedule is to balance the assignments. Spreading the work and projects out on a daily basis where a little time each day is devoted to that one particular project would assure a very strong effort and project completion prior to the due date. A second personal habit that I would like to change for the better would be to expand the topics and subject that I take a strong interest in. I have noticed that through out my educational career I have taken a very strong liking and interest to only a couple particular subjects. With these selected topics it seems as if they become the main priority of my schooling and take away effort towards the... Free Essays on The Big Random Free Essays on The Big Random In the play â€Å"The Big Random† the two main characters Roland and Claire have certain behaviors that they regret at times. The behaviors reflected in the play do relate to particular patterns that students may reflect or demonstrate. In my life I have successfully completed an elementary and junior/senior high school education. Through these years I have developed many habitual behaviors that deal with my school work and classroom performance. Reflecting on the past years of my educational career there are behaviors that I believe have proven to be helpful and essential to my educational success and then there are behaviors that I wish to change for they may limit my ability in the classroom. Through my years of education and classroom performance I can conclude that there are particular behaviors or habits that I believe are aspects that may limit my performance and success. I believe one of my habits that I would like to change would be the fact that I am a procrastinator. I am the type of person that allows the work load to build up and complete the assignment the day before it is to be handed in. It is my belief that completing my assignment at the very last second will limit the thought and knowledge I would put forth in my school work. The most affective way to change my work schedule is to balance the assignments. Spreading the work and projects out on a daily basis where a little time each day is devoted to that one particular project would assure a very strong effort and project completion prior to the due date. A second personal habit that I would like to change for the better would be to expand the topics and subject that I take a strong interest in. I have noticed that through out my educational career I have taken a very strong liking and interest to only a couple particular subjects. With these selected topics it seems as if they become the main priority of my schooling and take away effort towards the...

Why I want to be a Teacher

Why I want to be a Teacher I couldn't imagine life with out being in a school. They say I'm too shy to be a teacher, to depressed, and having social anxiety isn't going to help either. But I know that there is nothing else in this world that I would want, or could do, than to teach. I may not have a family member that has taught, I may not have all the intelligence, and I might not be much of a leader. But I have my own, just as important reasons.I had a real rough childhood. My father is an alcoholic, and wasn't much of a parent. Between six years of physical and one year of sexual abuse, I would find solitude at school; school was my real home. And I believe that there are kids in schools that are having the same things done to them that I was. I went years and years with no one knowing, I would have loved for a teacher to find out, and helped sooner then a year before I graduated.English: Jewish Children with their Teacher in Sam...I want them to be able to confide in me, and know that I understand where th ey are coming from.I always have loved school and all the teachers, they were my parents. And deep down inside I always wanted to be a teacher, but it was never final. My junior year in high school, things weren't any better. Along with caring for my little sister, my fathers and I situation had worsen. I wrote a personality paper in my psychology class, that spoke about my father and of me caring for my little sister on my own. The teacher, Mr. Dennis confronted me on it, and has helped me through it the past 2 years. Last year in the middle of my...

Analyzing The Journeys End Of Regeneration English Literature Essay

Analyzing The Journeys End Of Regeneration English Literature Essay In the two works that I will be analysing, ‘Journey’s End’ and ‘Regeneration’, class refers to the social values that distinguish between the lower, middle and upper class men. The theme of class is central to both of the works and is personified in two predominant characters, ‘Trotter’ in ‘Journey’s End’ as well as ‘Prior’ in ‘Regeneration’, they will both be fundamental subjects in my essay; in which I will discuss how ‘Sheriff’ and ‘Barker’ explore this theme of class, concerning similarities and differences in the various methods employed. Three palpable contrasts between the works should at the outset be mentioned. Firstly ‘Journey’s End’ was written by a man, ‘Sheriff’ who had firsthand experience of the war, himself being a captain in the East Surrey Regiment. Therefore, we can assume that some events in ‘Journey’s End’ and characters used are most likely influenced by genuine soldiers. Thus themes of class and the harshness of war are even more authentic and realistic; â€Å"How awfully nice – if the brigadier’s pleased† – is a typical, if not sarcastic, response from a proverbial soldier; Stanhope, concerning Osborne’s death, showing little respect for those in higher command and also his repression of emotion. Sheriff explores the theme of class through the effects on the characters; how differing people handle the constant stress of war, for Stanhope, it is to â€Å"drink like a fish†, in contrast to Trotters circle drawing, perhaps showing a lack of imagination. On the other hand the writer of ‘Regeneration’, ‘Barker’ is a woman and more importantly a lot younger than ‘Sheriff’ with no direct experience of the war. ‘Regeneration’ seems to focus more on the aftermath, which allows a broade r sense of themes such as roles of women and the altered mental states of the class men. â€Å"You seem to have a very powerful anti-war neurosis†, is Rivers’ reply to Sassoon, who asks if he is mad, it shows the effect of the war, that it can make an educated and brave man question his own sanity. It also explores the theme of class; Rivers and Sassoon immediately create a bond with one another, coming from similar backgrounds and viewpoints, as opposed to the perpetual antagonism between Prior and Rivers. Secondly ‘Journey’s End’ is a play, as opposed to a novel, and ‘Sheriff’ employs staging. This coupled with the need for a play to be entertaining, does not give ‘Sheriff’ the luxury of including pages full of background conversation which allow subtle character progression. ‘Barker’s’ work in general could be seen as symbolically internal with the characters thoughts and deep emotions shown through i ntrospection, â€Å"†¦ and thought oh God, it’s going to be another one of this†, this allows the audience to understand the characters in greater detail, to relate to them based on our personal experience, perspective and class. Whereas ‘Sheriff’s’ is driven by actions, and what other characters say. â€Å"(He puts the box on its side and sits on it. It is too low for the table, and he puts it on its end. It is then too high†¦)†, When ‘Trotter’ is first introduced the stage actions show him to be a comical character, at odds with the more serious Stanhope or the â€Å"hard as nails† Osborne, however ‘Trotter’ is a much more deep individual below the surface, which is shown by the end of the play with his promotion to second in command; Similarly ‘Prior’ in ‘Regeneration’ is first introduced as a mute, with a case of ‘dumbness’, differing to the other characters , but throughout the novel he conveys himself to be highly intelligent and profound.

Usability of a Principles of Marketing Course in the Field of Essay

Usability of a Principles of Marketing Course in the Field of Information Technology Project Management - Essay Example Understanding the relationship between the two fields therefore involves analysis of their scopes for convergence. The scope of information technology involves application of technology in preparation and management of information for timely and efficient communication to users of such information. Such a scope involves analysis of business systems, designs, and development of solutions for communication initiatives. Information technology also involves preparation of schedules and task lists, databases, reports and evaluations (Churchill and Lacobucci, 2009). The scope of a principle of marketing course therefore offers information for applicability of information technology. It for instance involves surveys and analysis of strategies such as price, distribution, promotional concepts, and consumers’ response to marketing initiatives. All these aspects are measurable in numeric data that requires information technology for efficient recording, analysis and communication (Churchill and Lacobucci, 2009). As a result, a principle of marketing course is applicable in the field of information technology because the scope of marketing deals in data that is handled and managed by information technology

Death how should we think of death and dying Essay

Death how should we think of death and dying - Essay Example He is especially interested in the dark side of life: guilt, death struggling and suffering. So I will argue in favor of Jasper and believe that death should be faced with courage by human as his inner nature is eternal. Death sets a limit on our time in this life, urging us on to do something productive with that time as long as it is ours to use. If one begins to see death as an invisible, but friendly companion on one’s life journey – gently reminding not to wait until tomorrow to do what one mean to do - then one can learn to live life than passing through it. To rejoice at the opportunity of experiencing each new day is to prepare for one’s ultimate acceptance of death. We must allow death to provide a context of our lives, for in it lays the meaning of life and key to our growth. Jasper mentions death should be faced with courage Death is an integral part of life and is a process which cannot be avoided by any creature on earth. If one is born then he is de stined to die. This is an endless cycle a never ending process. Jasper is right in saying that death should be faced with utmost courage. Death is a hard truth of our life and one who sees death as a suffering or evil indeed is a coward. It is a transitional phase of man and this should be understood by human beings, in order to face it with courage. Everything ordained by our creator should be accepted by us with wholeheartedness. Just like life, death is a reality and should be faced with full acceptance. Generally, it is the misconception and ignorance of people that lead them to think of death as a suffering or evil. It should be understood by human that they are not just a physical being but an entity with transcendence quality. The journey of a human being is not short lived but an endless cycle of birth and death. Jasper does not believe in surrendering to death but embracing it with joy. It should be regarded as an entrance to new phase of life as life is an unending journey . Japer believed that human beings have an inner nature which is eternal. Since his soul is eternal, he should not be feared of death as nothing can kill him. Every man is feared of death Although Jasper is right in suggesting death should be faced with courage, every man on the face of earth fear death. It is a fact that, human being by the very name of death fears and it can be termed as instinctive .It could be his urge to survive and protect himself which has led to the generation of a fearful feeling of death. Many a time’s practical life is different from theoretical and philosophical life. It might seem easy to articulate theories about death, but in reality when once face death then he is feared utmost. In so far, death means not only a termination, an end but a consummation as well. Death is absolutely universal in human life. Everyone accepts it as natural and obvious that he must die. At the same time, a secret protest and an undistinguishable horror before this en d abides him. In every means, metaphysical anthropology cannot explain this fact. If a man is an immortal being, then why he should be afraid of death. May be it could be the feeling of pain and abandoning his body is the reason for the fear. One could say that death is punishment given to man by God to which make man understand that this material life in not eternal.A man who does not have a spiritual understanding can consider death as evil and unwelcoming. And a fear of death is also a warning to man about

Organization Analysis, Part 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Organization Analysis, Part 1 - Essay Example High staff turnover costs the company in terms of tangible and intangible resources. On the one hand, the company loses on the knowledge of the departing staff whereas on the other hand, it is forced to use more resources, which could have been put to better use elsewhere, on constant recruitment and job training for new staff. Another major HR challenge that the company faces is the effect of different cultures arising out of its global expansion. Wal-Mart cannot impose a standard HR practice in all countries because of their different cultural dimensions (Hofstede, 2001). Nevertheless, Michael Duke, the President and CEO of Wal-Mart identifies developing staff as one of the five key strategies central to the company’s future (Wal-Mart, 2012). After all in retail it is the store and club associates that take care of customers and members which determines whether customer become loyal or not. On the legal front, Wal-Mart’s HR management has two chief areas of concer n, ensuring equal employment opportunities and improving their labor relations. Under the equal employment opportunity challenge, the important activity is to prevent the likely occurrence of discrimination practices among its staff. This aspiration should ideally reflect the spirit of the law as envisioned by the Civil Rights Act of 1991 by reinforcing illegality of making hiring, firing or promotion decisions on the basis of sex, ethnicity, race or religion (DeCenzo & Robbins, 2005). This act also includes the Glass Ceiling Act. Wal-Mart has been addressing the equal employment opportunity concern by embedding diversity and inclusion into its culture. This has been done partly through its Diversity Goals Program where managers are held accountable for elevating the standards of diversity and inclusion throughout the company, with up to 15 percent of management bonuses and ten percent of performance evaluation scores tied to their diversity goals achievement (Wal-Mart, 2011). T his program has seen the numbers of minorities’ rise from 21.3% in 2005 to 36% in 2011 and that for females rise from 38.8% in 2005 to 57% in 2011. Of the two HR challenges, Wal-Mart’s greater challenge has been its labor relations. Wal-Mart is America’s largest private employer and it has used its muscle to quash all attempts by its workers to form or be part of labor unions. The company’s low cost strategy relies on minimizing production costs and labor costs are often the major expense in production for low-end retail (Woodman, 2012). Without a union, Wal-Mart employees have had less bargaining power and this could be one of the reasons why the company has a rapid turnover. Nevertheless, the continued growth of the group Organization United for Respect at Wal-Mart (OUR Walmart) demonstrates less likelihood of the company’s staff relenting on this issue. For this reason we envisage this power struggle on whether to unionize or not continuing in to the future unless either party relents. We however believe that it would be more productive for Wal-Mart to address the concerns of its workers if it seeks to remain competitive in the coming years. A possible solution is to meet workers’ demands half-way by giving them some of the demands they are requesting such as respect, affordable health care, stable and fair scheduling, and improved wages. Wal-Mart’

CompareContrast Nathaniel Hawthorne's heroines in The BirthMark and Essay

CompareContrast Nathaniel Hawthorne's heroines in The BirthMark and Rappaccini's Daughter - Essay Example This has led to a few of them being described as "dark heroines" (Bell, 20); Beatrice Rappaccini, the bewitching daughter of the brilliant, but sinister scientist Rappaccini and to a lesser extent, Georgiana Aylmer, the beautiful young wife of the obsessed scientist Aylmer, are examples of poignant, yet powerful 'dark heroines'. This short essay shall compare and contrast the heroines of two of Hawthorne's short stories, 'The Birth-Mark' and 'Rappaccini's Daughter' respectively. This essay shall cite appropriately from them and other secondary sources to show that, while both the heroines testify to their purity of character by their ultimate sacrifices, Hawthorne's portrayal of Beatrice Rappaccini more than Georgiana Aylmer, aptly suits a 'dark heroine'. Both 'The Birth-Mark' and 'Rappaccini's Daughter' of Hawthorne warn the society regarding the excessive pursuit of science and technology without morality. The stories end as tragedies with the heroines falling victims to the evil obsessions of the dominant men around them. In 'The Birth-Mark' Hawthorne depicts his heroine Georgiana as a powerful image of beauty, that she is praised by her husband Aylmer as one who "came so nearly perfect from the hand of Nature" (The Birth-Mark 1021). She is young and beautiful, but for one "visible mark of earthly imperfection" (The Birth-Mark 1021) on her cheek. ... er husband in particular, and the male world in general perceived as negative - "Masculine observers contented themselves with wishing it away, that the world might possess one living specimen of ideal loveliness without the semblance of a flaw" (The Birth-Mark 1022). Indeed this becomes the focal point of the story itself, and ultimately causes her death. Hawthorne introduces the element of evilness in the form of Aylmer, young Georgiana's science-loving husband; what was trivial matter to him before marriage, appears "more and more intolerable with every moment" to him after marriage, and he is obsessed with removing it, so as to make her perfect. "I am convinced of the perfect practicability of its removal" he retorts to her innermost fears of it being fatal. Here again Hawthorne introduces the element of fantasy in the form of Georgiana's dream, of approaching doom. He scorns, scoffs, chides, coaxes and cajoles her (The Birth-Mark, pp. 1027-8) to have trust in his science, and even tries to hide the fact that it may be "dangerous" (The Birth-Mark, p.1030). Though Hawthorne's heroine is aware that the experiment may not be to her advantage, she is sweet and pure in character, loves her husband so much that she is unable to see him pained over the blemish in her cheek. She would rather give her life than allow it to stand between their happiness, and begs him "Remove it, remove it, whatever be the cost, or we shall both go mad!" (The Birth-Mark 1030) That her love is pure and untainted is explicitly brought out by Hawthorne through her quiet words "There needed no proof; Give me the goblet I joyfully stake all upon your word" (The Birth-Mark, 1031). She remains true in her love for her husband, till her dying moment, though she allows him to realize his folly of

Romantic music and development of Renaissance painting Essay

Romantic music and development of Renaissance painting - Essay Example Another similarity between Romantic music and paintings during Renaissance lies in the fact that they both put a great emphasis on the importance of the figure of the artist. It would not be a mistake to suggest that the cultural titans of Italy were as much respected as their counterparts in the musical world of Europe during Romanticism. Indeed, in that period every person who was able to create a fine piece of music was considered to be extremely talented and was approved by the public. Just like art in the times of Renaissance, music during Romanticism was considered to be the highest of arts; so the people who wanted to devote their live to it were considered to be exceptional. There is one more point that should be mentioned while considering the development of the two concepts that were discussed above. Thus, just like during Renaissance, Romanticism in music contributed to the emergence of the new perception of this kind of human activity. One might point out that visual art, just like music have existed in within human civilization for thousands of years, it was those two periods when people started to treat them in a different manner. This process, accompanied by the revival of interest, is what truly differed those periods from others. Some researchers argue that Renaissance made the aesthetic thought of humanity look backwards, but move forward with what they saw in the past. However, in order to get a better understanding of the relationship between the two notions in question.

A governing body should not be able to dictate an artist's work Essay

A governing body should not be able to dictate an artist's work - Essay Example The nature of art, particularly in the 20th century, functions to push the boundaries on acceptability and develop new perspectives on the world. In these regards, the notion that a governing body would seek to regulate an artist’s work is antithetical to the very nature of artistic production. Still, it’s clear that in some situations artists act not with integrity, but simply in a way designed to garner attention and sensationalism. Furthermore, governing bodies are oftentimes responsible for choosing works of art that are meant to function to beautify city structures or serve a specific atmospheric purpose. In these situations, the artist enters a contract with the governing body. I believe then that the artist is responsible for producing works that functions within the designated context. Still, from an overarching perspective, it’s clear that governing bodies should have limited to no involvement in the regulation of art. Allowing these institutions to regu late art stifles not merely the creativity of the artist, but the collective creative spirit of the society; all of these are elements that are essential to the progress of society, its continued innovation, and economic

Romantic music and development of Renaissance painting Essay

Romantic music and development of Renaissance painting - Essay Example Another similarity between Romantic music and paintings during Renaissance lies in the fact that they both put a great emphasis on the importance of the figure of the artist. It would not be a mistake to suggest that the cultural titans of Italy were as much respected as their counterparts in the musical world of Europe during Romanticism. Indeed, in that period every person who was able to create a fine piece of music was considered to be extremely talented and was approved by the public. Just like art in the times of Renaissance, music during Romanticism was considered to be the highest of arts; so the people who wanted to devote their live to it were considered to be exceptional. There is one more point that should be mentioned while considering the development of the two concepts that were discussed above. Thus, just like during Renaissance, Romanticism in music contributed to the emergence of the new perception of this kind of human activity. One might point out that visual art, just like music have existed in within human civilization for thousands of years, it was those two periods when people started to treat them in a different manner. This process, accompanied by the revival of interest, is what truly differed those periods from others. Some researchers argue that Renaissance made the aesthetic thought of humanity look backwards, but move forward with what they saw in the past. However, in order to get a better understanding of the relationship between the two notions in question.

The Reporter’s Privilege Essay Example for Free

The Reporter’s Privilege Essay For the last 34 years, over a thousand subpoenas were served to reporters of various news media organizations in the United States compelling them to testify and reveal their sources in all kinds of court cases. In 1999 alone, there were 1,326 subpoenas delivered to 440 news outlets according to the Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press (RCFP). This epidemic has threatened to destroy the freedom of the press, which is protected under the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. The source possesses valuable information and is the lifeblood of newsgathering. There will be no story without the source. Professional ethics demands that journalists should safeguard their sources even if it means facing jail terms and always keep the promise of confidentiality they make to the source. The American Society of Newspaper Editors Statement of Principles, Article VI states that â€Å"Pledges of confidentiality to news sources must be honored at all costs, and therefore should not be given lightly. On the other hand, the Radio-Television News Directors Association Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct cite that â€Å"Journalists should keep all commitments to protect a confidential source†. Therefore, it is imperative that journalists should not be forced to disclose their sources because it would undermine their constitutional function to inform the people and even destroy the American free press philosophy that the public has the right to know. Subpoenaing a journalist threatens to transform the independent press into an investigative arm of the government; it silences potential confidential sources, which reduces the flow of information to the citizenry; and it thereby violates the First Amendment. (Bates, 2000, p. 4,  ¶2). If it will give meaning to the First Amendment and the freedom of the press, then the reporter’s privilege must be kept sacred. RCFP Executive Director Lucy Daglish, in an interview with Newsweek in 2004, said that democracy operates because the media provides information to the citizenry. Columbia Journalism Review Executive Director Mike Hoyt describes the press as the oxygen of democracy. However, today’s trends of attacking the source seem unlikely when journalists are getting drowned in a sea of subpoenas and face a ritual of jailing. The courts have been contesting the reporter’s privilege in over 100 years but the press continues to withstand the test of time whether in the court rooms or in the corridors of power. When the government subpoenas journalists in criminal cases, additional concerns are raised. The media is said to serve many functions critical to a democracy. Among these are the tasks of informing the public, serving as watchdogs by checking government abuse, and holding individuals in a position to affect the public interest accountable for their actions. To fulfill these functions, journalists must remain independent of government. Subpoenas naturally reduce this independence, thus undermining the medias function in a democracy. (Schmid, 2002, Proponents Of the Journalists Privilege,  ¶4). Court Rulings. Unlike the attorney-client, doctor-patient, spousal, and therapist privileges, the judicial system still does not recognize the reporter’s privilege. A number of cases have already challenged and continue to challenge this controversial privilege resulting in high profile landmarks of court rulings. The first Supreme Court case that answered whether the First Amendment protects journalists from not revealing their source was the Branzburg versus Hayes in 1972. In 1969, Paul Branzburg of the Louisville Courrier-Journal wrote an article about the views of hippies and their plan to produce and sell marijuana. He used fictitious names to protect the identities of his source. He was subpoenaed to testify in a state grand jury that was investigating a local drug trade. He refused to name the men who were in possession of marijuana and was held in contempt. Not worried he wrote another expose detailing a pot session in Frankfort, Kentucky. He was brought back before a grand jury and asked to describe the criminal acts he had observed but he refused to testify. The case went on for two years that ended up with a Supreme Court ruling. In a 5-4 decision, the court did not recognize such privilege saying that the First Amendment does not protect journalists from not revealing their sources. The Court declared that journalists, like most citizens, must respond to relevant questions put to them in the course of a valid grand jury investigation or criminal trial. (Schmid, Supreme Court Precedent,  ¶2). In the course of news gathering, the reporter becomes an eyewitness to a crime, he or she is liable to testify before a grand jury. Branzburg was sentenced to six months in jail. But in a short concurrence by Justice Lewis Powell, he hoped that in the future the law might give way to a court-recognized privilege. In his argument Justice Potter Stewart gave a three-way test for qualified privilege: that a reporter possesses information relevant to the crime, that there is no other way to get the information and that there is a convincing and prevailing interest in the information. The court left the issue to congress whether to enact laws that would protect reporters from not testifying. As a result of Justices Powell and Stewart arguments that in one way or the other the press has some protection under the First Amendment shield laws were instituted by various states. Currently there are 31 states including the District of Columbia that institute this law. The law however varies in detail and scope according to state laws and has specific limits. Generally, only journalists working full-time in a recognized media organizations are covered and not freelancers or book writers. There are certain events that journalists are excluded from covering. Another threat to press freedom is the case of Judith Miller of the New York Times. After a series of court battles in 2004, Miller spent 85 days in prison for not divulging her source on the Palme leak. The case originated when Valerie Palme wife of a former ambassador Joseph Wilson was named in a series of articles revealing her true identity as a CIA agent. Her name was leaked by an official of President George Bush’s administration to the media. The leakage was considered a criminal offense. Under the Intelligence Identities Protection Act, a person who learns the identity of a covert agent like Plame from classified information can get ten years in jail for intentionally disclosing the agent’s identity. (McCollam, 2005, Out of Africa,  ¶3). Many reporters were subpoenaed including Miller. Refusing to testify she was found in contempt. She invoked her First Amendment right but was denied. She was only released when the source voluntary waived his right to confidentiality and came out. It was learned that Scooter Libby, the chief of staff of Vice President Dick Cheney, was the source of the leakage. There are so many other similar cases that hound American press freedom like James Taricani who served six months of house arrest in Rhode Island. In Washington five reporters were in contempt for the stories about nuclear scientist Wen Ho Lee named by the press as the source of giving secrets to the Chinese. Vanessa Leggett went to jail for 168 days rather than giving up her source of information while writing a book about a Houston murder. She was only released when the term of her appearance before a grand jury expired. These reporters are fighting for a principle that is sanctified by the constitution. Keeping the source is essential for public trust and to serve the interest of the people. Breaking that trust would only kill the foundation of press freedom and its purpose. Disclosing the whistle blowers would endanger lives in acts of retaliation against them especially from the government. The relationship of journalists to their sources comprises one of the most criticalyet perplexingareas of reporting. Without sources, there would be no stories. The better the source, the better the story. (Willis, 1990, p. 75). The Role of the Press. Since the beginning of the press in 1690 in Boston, Massachusetts, it has grown dramatically through time. In a democratic form of government the press is indeed necessary as Thomas Jefferson once said â€Å"The basis of our government being the opinion of the people, the very first object should be to keep that right; and were it left to me to decide whether we should have a government without newspapers, or newspapers without a government, I should not hesitate a moment to prefer the latter.† To serve as check and balance, the constitution created three branches of government, the executive, legislative, and judiciary. However, these branches have now been infected with all sorts of corruptions and abuse of power. Thus the fourth estate was born, the press, to make sure democracy operates as it was envisioned by the founding fathers. In its early stage, the American press was used for propaganda by those who owned it. It was a lapdog that reported only what the publisher wants and solicits advertisements. What made it an instrument of democracy were the many voices that shaped opinion and caused freedom to fly across the country and the whole world. It has become the guardian of U.S. democracy. Today, it takes the role as the watchdog of government investigating anomalies making sure that officials do not violate the rights of the citizenry and become more transparent instead of operating in secrecy. Without the press, we would not have discovered the cheating activities of President Richard Nixon in the Watergate scandal or President Bush’s misleading tactics to justify the invasion of Iraq. Besides of informing, the press also educates, reforms, entertains, and incites. Far from its origins, the press today carries no ideology and not connected with any political party or government agency. At the turn of century, advocacy moved from news stories to editorial pages, where it has since stayed. News reporters of the twentieth-century claim to be politically detached and objective, unlike journalists of the previous era. To modern journalists, objective means an allegiance to the nonpartisan pursuit of factual accuracy. (Soley, 1992, p. 16). Despite criticisms, the press maintains its objectivity as the number guideline in reporting. The Project for Excellence in Journalism identified major trends in the press’ reporting style. The Journalism of Verification is the traditional style wherein reporters must substantiate their facts to come up with an accurate story. Then there is the Journalism of Affirmation where a reporter delivers the news with a point of view. In making its works more professional and transparent, the press empowers the public in judging the stories whether to believe it or not. From watchdog now comes the guide dog concept called civic journalism that focused on the role of the press in building communities. This brand of journalism challenges people to take part in resolving community problems. It aims to educate citizens about issues and current events so they can make civic decisions, engage in civic dialogue and action, and, generally, exercise their responsibilities in a democracy. (Schaffer, 2001,  ¶25). It reinforces the watchdog role but it does not tell how the public should think or act. This journalism delivers news that help communities cope up with difficult issues concerning their everyday life. The model serves as an alternative style that hopes to address the shortcomings of the press. The Code of Ethics. Journalists are guided by the code of ethics to ensure professional integrity and credibility in enlightening the citizenry. Different news organizations have their own ethics and standards but maintain common elements such as objectivity, accuracy, and confidentiality of sources. In its 50-page report in 1947, A Free and Responsible Press, the Hutchins Commission laid out the goals of journalistic performance. The report was written by eminent scholars and authors under Robert M. Hutchins, president of the Chicago University and has served as the basis of journalistic practices today. The Hutchins Commission identified five responsibilities, the fulfillment of which could serve as a measure of press performance. The press should (1) provide â€Å"a truthful, comprehensive, and intelligent account of the days events in a context which gives them meaning, †a commitment evidenced in part by â€Å"objective reporting†; (2) be â€Å"a forum for the exchange of comment and criticism,† meaning in part that papers should be â€Å"common carriers† of public discussion, at least in the limited sense of carrying views contrary to their own; (3) project â€Å"a representative picture of the constituent groups in the society†; (4) â€Å"present and clarify the goals and values of the society†; and (5) provide â€Å"full access to the days intelligence, †thereby serving the publics right to be informed. (Baker, 2001, p. 154). The Society of Professional Journalists urged its members to always seek the truth by being honest, fair, and report the information rightly. A reporter must be accountable to the public about his news stories. He must act independently by being free from other interests other than serving the public’s right to know. He should minimize harm in treating sources. In pursuit of gathering data, the reporter must show compassion by being sensitive to sources that are negatively affected by the coverage. The journalist must recognize that in news gathering he or she can cause harm or discomfort to the source. Arrogance must not be displayed while collecting data and must be cautious in identifying juvenile suspects or victims of sex crimes. Sources must be treated fairly and professionally without inquiring pointlessly about their personal life nor threaten them if they do not cooperate. Reporters should always introduce themselves truthfully while interviewing their sources and not carry false identity just to get the information. Importantly, when the source wants to remain unknown, the journalist must respect that trust of confidentiality. The San Francisco Chronicles code offers one of the clearest treatments on the always-thorny matter of dealing with sources that want confidentiality. It reads in part: A reporter who pledges confidentiality to a source must not violate that pledge. If the reporter is asked by an editor for the identity of a source, the reporter should advise the source of the editors request. If the source wishes to withhold his or her identity from the editor, then the reporter and editor must decide whether or not to use the information even though the sources identity remains known only to the reporter. (Steele Black, 2001, Sources and Reporters). The Need for Shield Law. Notwithstanding the important function of the press in defending democracy, there are no sufficient laws in protecting its existence. All sectors of society especially the government depend on the press for timely information in order to make policies. In its 2005 annual report for press freedom rankings, the United States placed 44th falling 20 places from the previous years all because of the Miller case and the legal tactics that attack the privacy of journalistic sources. This is ironic since the country is the champion of democracy the world over. News organizations are now uniting forces to seek legislative action. However, several proposed bills have already been sent to congress but unfortunately no actions have been taken yet. Since Branzburg some 100 federal statutes have been introduced but failed to pass. The Free Flow of Information Act of 2005 is presently pending in the senate and congress. This act is in response to the jailing of Judith Miller. The legislation would prevent government officials from compelling a reporter to reveal a source unless it was determined by clear and convincing evidence that disclosure of the identity of the person is necessary to prevent imminent and actual harm to national security. (Durity, 2000,  ¶34). A federal shield law is important to safeguard the reporter in the performance of his/her duty. The move is for the federal government to recognize state’s interest in protecting the secrecy of sources and that no party may force a journalist to reveal his/her source or notes by suing the reporter in federal court. This poses dilemma for reporters whether to violate a court order and face jail or break the promise of source confidentiality and face public distrust. Subpoenas are burdensome to journalists because it consumes so much time and disrupts their work. A law could provide reporters for motion to quash subpoenas except when there is prevailing evidence that such information is really necessary and when there is no other way to obtain the information. The trend of compelling reporters to identify their sources has sent fears that the American free press is under attack and being used by the government in investigating its own deficiency particularly the leakage of classified documents. When the government fails to resolves its own problems, it may be tempted to enlist reporters in criminal acts as an easy way out. With an existing law, prosecutors and criminals defendants may seek other means or conduct investigations in acquiring information rather than depend on journalists by attacking their sources. Failing to define who qualifies as a journalist has delayed the passage of shield laws. Perhaps with an established ruling, this problem will be addressed giving courts standards and criteria to give judges guidance who qualifies for protection. This law is needed to standardize legal approaches to the privilege of reporters and to assure them that confidentiality to sources is respected. In effect, sources will feel safe and not disappear but will remain for future news stories. In a decision that strongly endorsed the principles on which the reporters privilege is based, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 4th Circuit observed, If reporters were routinely required to divulge the identities of their sources, the free flow of newsworthy information would be restrained and the publics understanding of important issues and events would be hampered in ways inconsistent with a healthy republic. (Ganett, 2006,  ¶7). Responding to the Miller incident, James Goodale, New York Times’ former vice chairman and general counsel, has encouraged the press to fight on and to guard the freedoms of First Amendment in order to come up with better laws. Nobody can dispute that the press has strong influence in every American citizen. It has molded American opinion and shaped government policies through time. Noted journalists have been recognized for their dedication in the profession. Reporters serve as link between government and its citizens and that of other nations. Because of the press, the world has become a global village promoting culture, language, and perhaps peace. Journalists deserve better. They deserve more than just subpoenas. They have earned their right for a privilege in serving and protecting the democracy of this country. References Bates, S. (2000). The Reporter’s Privilege: Then and Now. Research Paper R-23. The Joan Shorenstein Press Politics. Public Policy. Harvard University. John F. Kennedy School of Government. Schmid, Karl H. (2002). Journalists privilege in criminal proceedings: an analysis of United States Courts of Appeals decisions from 1973 to 1999. American Criminal Law Review. Date: 22-SEP-02. Retrieved October 30, 2006, from http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/summary_0199-2470495_ITM McCollam, D. (2005). Attack at The Source Why the Plame case is so scary. Columbia’s Journalism Review. America’s Premier Media Monitor. Columbia Universitys Graduate School of Journalism. Issue 2: March/April 2005. Retrieved October 30, 2006, from http://www.cjr.org/issues/2005/2/mccollam-plame.asp?printerfriendly=yes Willis, J. (1990). Journalism: State of the Art. Praeger Publsihers. New York. ISBN: 0275932443 Soley, L. C. (1992). The News Shapers: The Sources Who Explain the News. Praeger Publishers. New York. ISBN: 0275940330 Schaffer, J. (2001). The Role of the Media in Building Community. Pew Center for Civic Journalism. Global Issues. An Electronic Journal of the U.S. Department of State. Volume 6, Number 1, April 2001. Baker, C. E. (2001). Media, Markets, and Democracy. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, England. ISBN: 0521009774 Steele, R Black, J. (2001). Media Ethics Codes and Beyond. Global Issues. An Electronic Journal of the U.S. Department of State. Volume 6, Number 1, April 2001. Durity, L. (2000). Shielding Journalist – â€Å"Bloggers†: The Need To Protect Newsgathering Despite The Distribution Medium. Public Policy Studies. Duke University. Retrieved October 30, 206, from http://www.law.duke.edu/dev/journals/dltr/articles/2006DLTR0011.html Ganett Company, Inc. (2006). From Barbara Wartelle Wall: Legal Watch. 2000 Media Law Developments – Sources and Public Records. News Watch. Retrieved October 30, 2006, from http://www.gannett.com/go/newswatch/2000/december/nw1228-4.htm

Does Foreign Financial Aid Work Economics Essay

Does Foreign Financial Aid Work Economics Essay The current world is categorized into industrialized and developing countries. The chief difference between these countries is the sum of money applied by the governments in their important sectors like health, commerce, and education. A developing nation or a less-developed nation is any country with a significantly lower lever in terms of her material well-being. There is no internationally recognized definition of a developing country. The development levels may vary greatly within the developing nations with some having high average living standards. A developed nation on the other hand is any nation allowing all her citizenry the right of enjoying healthy and free life in a considerably safe environment (Sullivan Sheffrin 471). Aid, or overseas aid, foreign aid, or international aid is a free resources transfer from one nation to the other with the aim of benefiting recipient nation. Giving of aid is a social responsibility of the rich nations and is not just a mere obligation or duty. It entails an element of morality as the rich nations have a moral duty of redressing the diverse economic inequalities, which they have created across the world (Fajardo 184). Majority of the poorer countries are masked in debts due to their unbalanced finances reflected in weak international trade, unstructured system of education, and failed health care. Due to this vicious cycle, the wealthy nations have shown interest in reducing the global economic differences by taking more responsibility towards assisting the unfortunate nations (Sunstein 163). However, this paper wishes to critically examine giving of aid to the poorer nations and take a stand supporting that such aid should not be given. In this, the paper shall examine the fact that foreign financial aid does not work for the poorer nations; the rich nations should not give aid to the poorer ones; and giving aid leads to dependency of the poorer nations. The paper shall also examine the need for refurbishing of the internal issues instead of relying on international aid, whether there are better ways of helping the poorer nations other than giving aid to them, and the reasons why the poorer natio ns should be denied aid from the international community. Today, people and nations across the world are more closely linked. This has seen an increment in trade as well as peoples movement between nations in greater levels than ever. However, millions of individuals still live in much poverty, with the gap between the rich and poor widening in many places. Thus, there are numerous reasons for assisting the poor nations with humanitarian reasons topping the list. Just like the individuals who give towards charity, many nations consider it their social, moral, or religious obligation/duty to assist people in the other nations suffering from drought, famine, diseases, or war. However, a good number of rich nations also make donations for diplomatic or political reasons. This is aimed at maintaining a dependency relationship with the recipient countries governments, or simply to manipulate such government and/or the countries direction. Another factor facilitating giving of aid to the poorer nations is for economic issues. Donors may wish to c ontrol supply of commodities like oil, wheat, or water. Alternatively, such rich nations may wish to ensure readily available markets for their products, whether they are shoes, computers, or planes (Sustein 162-163). However, foreign aid is not automatically the most effective means of helping a nation. One reason for this is that millions of dollars obtained from such aid is often misappropriated or goes missing into the inefficient administration and corrupt governments. Secondly, most foreign-aided projects are inappropriate for the target nation. Numerous agencies construct huge industrial projects or dams, which fail after some few years. Worse still, some of those projects ignore the local people and fail to involve them in the project yet it is meant for them. Furthermore, much of such aid proceeds to the donor in form of expensive experts and specialized equipment from such a donor nation (Birdsall, Rodrik Subramanian 137). Should the Rich Nations Give aid to the Poor Nations? Considering Vietnam and Nicaragua, the two nations are poor with their economies primarily being agriculture-based. The two have suffered due to prevalence of conflict and have also benefited from significant foreign aid. However, only Vietnam has minimized her poverty level dramatically as well as enjoyed a steady economic growth (5% per capita since the year 1988). On the other hand, Nicaragua has floundered in terms of economic performance with her per capita growth being too modest to cause a real dent towards the population of poor people. Until 1994, Vietnam faced an embargo from the US and the nation is still not adopted as a WTO (World Trade Organization) member. Regardless of such obstacles, the nation has found reliable markets for its coffee exports as well as other agricultural products. In addition, the nation has started diversifying her economy into manufacturing sector, especially of textiles. In comparison, Nicaragua benefits from the preferential access of the lucra tive markets of the US and had a huge debt waved off in 1990s. However, her clothing and coffee export industries lag much behind those of Vietnam (Birdsall, Rodrik Subramanian 137). Why does Nicaragua fall some few steps from Vietnam yet they have been exposed to international aid? Answers to such a question are internal: political and economic institutions and history have trumped the other factors in determination of economic success. The access to the American market as well as the donors largesse has not had powerful impacts to overcome the history of Nicaragua in terms of economic and social inequality. In addition, power and land in Nicaragua have been concentrated in hands of some few elites with the government notable in failing to invest substantially in public welfare and infrastructure. Experiences of numerous other developing nations confirm the significance of the specific internal factors. Just like Vietnam, neither India nor China- the two emerging economic powerhouses of the later quarter of the 20th century- has accrued much benefits from international aid and trade preferences. Neither of these two nations has received much international aid compared to the nations in Central America and Africa. Their success is attributed to enactment of creative domestic reforms within their governance systems leading to their notable prosperity as well as plunging of their poverty levels (Hardin 2). Most of the African nations have not managed to match the success of Vietnam despite being more agrarian or no poorer. True, health and education indicators have improved notably in Africa with some countries having achieved higher levels of macroeconomic stability. However, even within the best-performing nations, productivity and growth remain modest with their investment initiatives depending solely on international aid infusions. It could be luring to ascribe some rare African successes such as in Mauritius and Botswana to the high international demand for their garments and diamonds respectively, but limited explanation has been offered so far. Obviously, the two nations could be considerably poorer if they had no access to the international markets. What distinguish these nations is not the external advantages they enjoy, but their ability to exploit these advantages. (Birdsall, Rodrik Subramanian 138) Many developing nations have been hurt by their natural resource endowments . For instance, diamond has hardly conjured images of prosperity and peace in Sierra Leone while oil has been a blessing in disguise for Nigeria, Angola, Equatorial Guinea, and many others. Mexico is a perfect example of how foreign aid can be detrimental in development. The nation has an advantage of bordering the US (a strip of about 2,000 miles), which is the greatest economic power across the world. Since the enforcement of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in 1994, the US has given goods from Mexico a duty-free access into its markets, has continued absorbing thousands of Mexicans into its labor-force, and has made large investments into the Mexican economy. In the course of peso crisis of 1994-95, the United States Treasury underwrote the financial stability of Mexico an implication that outside economic assistance gets no better. Since 1992, the economy of Mexico has grown at barely 1% per capita on annual average rate. This figure is far much below the rates exhibited by the growth superstars of Asia. In fact, this is a fraction of the nations own growth rate of 3.6% on annual basis in the 2 decades, which preceded her debt crisis of 1982. Access t o external resources and markets has not given Mexico a platform of making up for her internal problems (Sunstein 163). The membership of the European Union (EU) is a remarkable exception to limitations of international assistance. By offering their poorer southern and eastern neighbors not just market access and aid transfers but also the hope of joining their union, the European Union has stimulated far reaching institutional changes and policy as well as impressive growth rates in around 20 nations. Unfortunately, accession to EU or even to any other such major power is a nightmare for majority of the poorest economies across the world. In addition, increasing the trading opportunities and financial solutions for the poorest nations is an insufficient substitute (Birdsall, Rodrik Subramanian 138). Which is the Best Way of Helping the Poorer Nations? There exist numerous ways of helping the poor nations as opposed to giving them aid. Some of the mechanisms include opening up the existing trade barriers, removing subsidies to facilitate easier and fair competition of the imported products from poorer nations, or forgiving their international debts. In fact, most of the poor nations economic performance is maimed by the huge interest repayments imposed on their old loans. The requirements of the poorer nations may seem obvious but there is need of examining their real needs as well as implementing solutions, which will benefit them as well as the donors. Material and economic help is essential towards the poor nations that are victims of sickness and famine though it is only a short-term solution. The rich nations should assist the poorer ones but it is a rather utopian idea to envisage that their aid will never be affected in diverse ways by political corruptions in the poorer nations. Furthermore, helping them is a paradoxical action since the political and economic system impoverishes these countries. The best solution could be changing the exchange between needy and wealthy nations, as it is not right to continue living in the current system with so many individuals dying due to the inequalities that have been created (Andre Velasquez Para 2-3). There are many kinds of aid ranging from food aid, to humanitarian emergency assistance, military assistance, etc. The developed nations have for long recognized development aid as vital to assist the poor developing countries to grow out of their poverty. The worlds richest nations in 1970 agreed to offer an annual 0.7% of their Gross National Income (GNI) as an official foreign development aid. Since then, regardless of the billions given out each year, the rich countries have hardly met their promised targets (AJWS 7). For instance, the United States is the largest donor but is rated amongst the lowest when it comes to meeting the agreed upon 0.7% target. International financial aid has always come with some costs towards the developing countries. The first one is that such aid is mostly wasted on the conditions since the recipient nations are required to use overpriced commodities and services from the donor nations. The majority of such international aid does not go to the most needful countries, which would need it most. Thirdly, the aid are often dwarfed by the rich nation protectionism, which denies access of international markets to the products of the poor nations, while the rich ones use aid as levers of opening markets of the poor countries for their products. Finally, massive grand strategies or large projects often fail to assist the vulnerable in such nations as money can easily be embezzled away. Presently, the international system of trade has a wide range of inequities. Rich nations place high tariffs on the imports like agriculture and garment products, which are vital to the economic performance of the developing nations. These tariffs escalate with increase in processing level; hence discourage industrialization within the poor nations. Besides, multilateral trades negotiations are short of transparency hence exclude the developing nations from real action. Employing the procedures of WTO in settling trade disputes and other anomalies needs technical expertise and money, which the poor nations lack. However, saying that such flaws are serious deterrents of development in the struggling economies would qualify as overlooking the notable and outstanding success of China and Vietnam over the preceding two decades in exportation of manufactured products, Chiles wine and salmon exportation, and services exportation in India. All these nations have realized success in exportat ion regardless of the impediments. In fact, barriers on the manufactured exports sourced from the developing nations were higher when Asian tigers arrived on the international scene in 1960s and 1970s (Sullivan Sheffrin 145). Why Deny aid to the Poor Nations? Some ethicists claim that wealthy countries are under no obligation to help the poor ones. They claim that their moral duty is acting in manners, which will maximize happiness of the people as well as minimize their suffering. Aiding the poor countries, in the long term, will produce more suffering compared to the one it will alleviate. Countries with the highest poverty incidence have the highest rates of birth also. One-report estimates 90% of the total population growth of the world by 2025 will happen in the developing nations. Provision of aid to such nations will only facilitate survival and reproduction of more of these people, placing greater demands upon the limited food supply of the world. And as these countries populations swell, more individuals will be forced into the environmentally fragile and marginal lands, resulting into widespread degradation of land, which will further reduce the available land for food production. Increase in the demand of the limited supply of food combined with a reduction in food production will certainly threaten the future generations survival (Andre Velasquez Para 4). Other ethicists argue that little benefit, even within the short-run, is accrued from offering aid to the poor countries. The aid offered to the developing nations hardly reaches the individuals intended to benefit. On the contrary, it is utilized by the oppressive governments in subsidization of their military or on projects, which benefit the local elites only, or even end up on black market. Over 80 percent of the 596 million-food aid offered to Somalia was channeled towards the military as well as other public institutions within 1978 and 1984. Worse still, El Salvador channeled 80 percent of the US dry-milk-aid into the black market (World Bank 17). These illustrations imply that giving aid to the poor nations undermines any form of incentive on these nations part in their efforts of becoming self-sufficient via the programs, which would be of great benefit to their citizenry. Such programs include the ones that would help in controlling population growth or increasing productio n of food. Food aid, for instance, depresses the local prices of food; hence discourage local production of food as well as agricultural development. The poor dairy farmers from El Salvador found themselves facing stiff competition against the US-free milk. Consequently, many nations, such as Sudan, Zaire, and Haiti have become dependent on international aid. There are also some other ethicists who maintain that principle of justice dictates against giving aid to the poor countries as justice needs a fair distribution of both the benefits and burdens among peoples. Countries that have laid out effective plans for the requirement of their citizens through regulation of food production in order to foster an adequate supply of food for the present and a surplus in case of emergencies, as well as the countries, which have implemented programs for limiting population growth ought to enjoy their foresight benefits. Majority of the poor countries have irresponsibly failed adoption of policies, which would stimulate production and development of food. On the contrary, their resources are spent irresponsibly on military regimes or lavish projects. Consider the air-conditioned cathedral worth $200 million, constructed just recently in the impoverished Cote DIvoire nation. Worth consideration is also the 1986 fact that the developing nations spent a bout 6 times, of what they received as foreign aid to strengthen their armed forces (WCED 12). These nations failed the test of acting responsibly and should thus bear their consequences. Therefore, it is unjust for such nations to ask the others that acted responsibly to assume their burdens. All people are entitled to a basic right of freedom that includes the right of using all the resources acquired legitimately as they desire. The UN has somehow coerced the wealthy countries to offer financial and other humanitarian aid to the poor countries, which is a violation of their right of using their resources freely. Thus, aiding the poor nations is not obligatory but is praiseworthy. Summary International or foreign aid is essential towards the social, economic, and political issues facing the poorer nations. In fact, such aid has been significant in the humanitarian crisis faced by numerous nations, including the rich ones such as Japan, and this paper does not refute that fact. Moreover, a good number of rich nations also make donations for diplomatic or political reasons in the poorer nations. Most of the African nations seek international aid to sponsor their elections or referendums as was the case in Kenya in 2010 during the nations urge for a new constitution. However, the paper has shown that there are so many funds that are channeled into inappropriate programs and projects especially the ones favoring the governments receiving them. In addition, the donors (the rich nations) attach strings to their aid and the poorer nations benefitting from their aid must agree with their conditions. The paper has also shown that international aid is not essentially the only means of developing the poorer nations. Increasing market access and aid for the poor nations makes sense but do not have that much effect in terms of such nations development and economic performance. The wealthy countries should push some other measures, which could be more rewarding. Such measures could include giving the poor nations more control towards their economic policy, opening labor markets, as well as financing new technologies that are development-friendly. It is also clear that the rich countries should avoid giving aid to the poorer nations and give them space for their individual economic development. An illustration is the state of Vietnam, which has flourished without market preferences from the leading economic centers or much international aid. One essential means of developing the poorest nations across the world is giving their producers an effective access to the international markets, especially in America and Europe. Foreign development assistance or aid is viewed as being wasted on some corrupt recipient governments, or too much despite the good intentions from the donor nations. In reality, both quality and quantity of such aid have been quite poor and the donor countries have rarely been held accountable. Assumptions by the developed nations that the poor and/or the developing nations can only be developed via aid ignore some key lessons learnt over the past couple of years as well as the ones of economic history. Develop ment can only be determined to a large extent by the poor nations themselves while outsiders can only play a limited role. The developing nations have emphasized this stand but the rich ones often overlook it. Thus, it is true that financial aid as well as the further expansion of the wealthy nations markets are tools possessing only a small ability of triggering growth in such poor nations. This paper concludes that the poorer nations should not be given foreign aid as a means of developing their economies. The nations should rather look into their internal political and economic institutions to foster their governance, which could in the long-run boost their economic performance, development, and independence.