The Effects of Violence in Media on Society Today Essay Summary Example For Students

The Effects of Violence in Media on Society Today Essay Summary Refinance now homeowner even if you have bad credit. 185 locTheEffects of Violence in Media on Society TodayIs societies violence the medias fault?This is the question that has been asked since before television was inevery Americans house. Of course there are the different types of mediatoday ranging from newspapers, to on-line reports and stories. There havebeen arguments upon arguments about this issue, and over 3,000 studiesconducted. Unfortunately there isnt one single result, there is only anarray of supposed answers to this undying question. CBS president, Howard Stringer is pointingto a different scapegoat for societys violence. I come from a country that puts a lot of American movies on and has more graphic violence withinits live drama on the BBC than anywhere else, and there is a lot lessviolence in the United Kingdom than there is here. There are 200 millionguns in America, and that has a lot to do with violence. He feels it hasto do with gun control, which others have suggested. But there are so manyviolent acts, that one cant focus on the guns, just like one cant focuson the media. David Phillips, one of the men we discuss later put it perfectly,Its like watching rain fall on a pond and trying to figure out whichdrop causes which ripple.There have been many studies conductedon the effects of violence on children, and on the effects on society asa whole. There have been about 3,000 studies performed on this topic. Twoof the most prolific studies were the UCLA Television Violence MonitoringReport, and the Mediascope , Inc. test sponsored by the National Cable TelevisionAssociation. Of course there were many other studies done, but these madeheadlines because of their results. We will write a custom essay on The Effects of Violence in Media on Society Today Summary specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The UCLA study focused on all of the televisionmedia, and discovered some interesting facts from their study. Prime TimeSeries raised the least concern. Theatrical films raised more concern andhad a lot more violence. The Saturday morning cartoons had mixed reviews. 23% of the cartoons raised concern, but that was only rating the most popularcartoons: Mighty Morphin Power Rangers, X-Men, etc. They termed the actionin cartoons as Sinister Combat Violence which basically means the wholestory line leads to violence. Mediascope, Inc. focused on the amountand context on cable, effectiveness of rating systems and parental advisories,and the success of anti-violent messages. They found that perpetratorsgo unpunished in 73% of all violent scenes, one out of four violent interactionsinvolved the use of handguns, and premium cable channels present the highestpercentage of violent programs (85%). There was more to their findings,but these were the more prevalent findings. University of Michigan psychologists Dr. Leonard Eron and Dr. Rowell Huesmann conducted a study, which continuedfor decades. This was conducted beginning in 1960. They took 800 eight-year-oldsand found that children who watched many hours of violent television tendedto be more aggressive in the playground and the classroom. They checkedback with these kids 11 and 22 years later. They found the aggressive eight-year-oldsgrew up to become even more aggressive. They testified before congressin 1992 stating, Television violence affects youngsters of all ages, ofboth genders, at all socioeconomic levels and all levels of intelligence. The effect is not limited to children who are already disposed to beingaggressive and is not restricted to this country.David Phillips, a scientist at the Universityof California in San Diego conducted a study on prizefights on television. He thought of this topic, because he felt there wasnt enough researchbeing conducted on the copycat violence. He found that after prize fightson television, there would be about a 10 percent increase in murders fora few days afterwards. He quoted, It also seems to be the case that thekind of person killed just after the prizefight is similar to the personbeaten in the prize fight.There are four major theories of televisionviolence. The arousal theory, the social learning theory, the disinhibitionhypothesis, and the catharsis hypothesis. These four hypothesis/theoriesare old and new conclusions to the question at hand. It is notable to seethat some of these theories were stated as early as 1961. Most would haveto disagree with these theories just because of the age of their births,but to most peoples surprise they still hold in the 21st century. .u5417a0748ccd9b5964c0d362dd71b05b , .u5417a0748ccd9b5964c0d362dd71b05b .postImageUrl , .u5417a0748ccd9b5964c0d362dd71b05b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5417a0748ccd9b5964c0d362dd71b05b , .u5417a0748ccd9b5964c0d362dd71b05b:hover , .u5417a0748ccd9b5964c0d362dd71b05b:visited , .u5417a0748ccd9b5964c0d362dd71b05b:active { border:0!important; } .u5417a0748ccd9b5964c0d362dd71b05b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5417a0748ccd9b5964c0d362dd71b05b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5417a0748ccd9b5964c0d362dd71b05b:active , .u5417a0748ccd9b5964c0d362dd71b05b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5417a0748ccd9b5964c0d362dd71b05b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5417a0748ccd9b5964c0d362dd71b05b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5417a0748ccd9b5964c0d362dd71b05b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5417a0748ccd9b5964c0d362dd71b05b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5417a0748ccd9b5964c0d362dd71b05b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5417a0748ccd9b5964c0d362dd71b05b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5417a0748ccd9b5964c0d362dd71b05b .u5417a0748ccd9b5964c0d362dd71b05b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5417a0748ccd9b5964c0d362dd71b05b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Brazilian hatiian slavery EssayThe arousal theory is basically self-explanatory. This was theorized by P.H. Tannenbaum in 1975. He said exposure to televisionviolence increases aggression because violence increases excitation, orarouses viewers (Tannenbaum Zillman, 1975). This is also beingfound in the recent studies, which shows the progression in the mediaswill to change. The social learning theory was describedby Dr. Bandura. This theory says ways of behaving are learned by observingothers, and that this is a major means by which children acquire unfamiliarbehavior, although performance of acquired behavior will depend at leastin part on factors other than acquisition (Bandura, 1973). A perfect exampleof this theory was when the murders occurred after the prizefights. The disinhibition hypothesis was L. Berkowitzsinvestigation. This hypothesis explains that television violence in certaincircumstances will result in increased interpersonal aggression becauseit weakens inhibitions against such behavior (Berkowitz, 1962). The final theory, catharsis hypothesiswas written by S. Feshbach. This theory explains that under certain conditionsexposure to television violence will reduce subsequent aggression (Feshbach,1961). What this is saying is that if someone sees a fantasy on TV, ornow with technology, entertains themselves with virtual reality, that fantasyis fulfilled, which makes them not feel they have to do that in real life. So many people have discussed the topicof media effecting society, from Aristotle to the President of CBS. Ithas always been a question, but never as needy for an answer as now. Hopefullythe government has some say in this soon, so the drama of centuries willfinally be over. But that probably wont occur anytime soon. Aristotle was a big supporter of catharsis.He believed that the audience became psychologically involved with thestory on stage, even though they knew it was 100% fiction. He felt whenaggression climaxed with the actors, there was a catharsis in the audience,which was pleasurable to experience and left the audience cleansed, uplifted,and less likely to act violently among themselves.Sigmund Freud also felt as Aristotle didby saying, Unless people were allowed to express themselves aggressively,the aggressive energy would be dammed up, pressure would build, and theaggressive energy would seek an outlet, either exploding into acts of extremeviolence or manifesting itself as symptoms of mental illness . But thereis no direct evidence for this conclusion (Aronson, 1995, p. 258). PresidentClinton looks at it in a different light saying, for people who have neverbeen taught to understand the consequences of their action these thingscan unintentionally set forth a chain reaction of ever mo re impulsive behavior.Hollywood figures of the 21st century blame factors such as poverty, drugsand alcohol, poor schooling, lax gun control and a general breakdown offamilies but not screen violence. University of Iowa professor of Journalismand Mass Communication Albert Talbott said, In the 30s, when I was atoddler, one of the things that concerned parents were comic books andthe violence in them. As soon as the modern media started to develop, wehave all kinds of things on how we are affecting people.Technology today isnt helping everyoneto feel better about this dilemma. It is actually going to get worse beforeit gets better. There isnt only movies or news reports someone can watchto see violence, but also the new video game craze. Video games have becomean enormous industry in the past decade. People from 4 years old to 70years old own their own Sega Genesis or Nintendo Play Station. Of course there is a number of games tochoose frombut what is the highest wanted game? None other then MortalCombat. The name speaks for itself. Just for the record, this game consistsof choosing a character, a weapon and then fighting another character untilone is dead. It also is equipped with sound effects for when someone ispunched or stabbed, and also shows the blood flying from the body whenhit. So many studies have been done on the affectsof media violence on children. Most are concerned with the results, especiallyparents. If the government, parents or others are so concerned with theeffect of their child seeing violence on the television, maybe they shouldpractice what they preach when Christmas rolls around. They should thinktwice before buying that Mortal combat III for their son. This is whereit gets sticky. Parents need to draw the line between appropriate and notappropriate. It would be a nice convenience to have a rating system onthe television, but parents should be aware enough of what their childrenare doing and watching that they are the rating system themselves. .ue973c46bdcd0bfd34c5e3023c0d8689d , .ue973c46bdcd0bfd34c5e3023c0d8689d .postImageUrl , .ue973c46bdcd0bfd34c5e3023c0d8689d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue973c46bdcd0bfd34c5e3023c0d8689d , .ue973c46bdcd0bfd34c5e3023c0d8689d:hover , .ue973c46bdcd0bfd34c5e3023c0d8689d:visited , .ue973c46bdcd0bfd34c5e3023c0d8689d:active { border:0!important; } .ue973c46bdcd0bfd34c5e3023c0d8689d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue973c46bdcd0bfd34c5e3023c0d8689d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue973c46bdcd0bfd34c5e3023c0d8689d:active , .ue973c46bdcd0bfd34c5e3023c0d8689d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue973c46bdcd0bfd34c5e3023c0d8689d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue973c46bdcd0bfd34c5e3023c0d8689d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue973c46bdcd0bfd34c5e3023c0d8689d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue973c46bdcd0bfd34c5e3023c0d8689d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue973c46bdcd0bfd34c5e3023c0d8689d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue973c46bdcd0bfd34c5e3023c0d8689d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue973c46bdcd0bfd34c5e3023c0d8689d .ue973c46bdcd0bfd34c5e3023c0d8689d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue973c46bdcd0bfd34c5e3023c0d8689d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Drug And Alcohol Use By Student Athletes EssayThe question now is what is happening tohelp this situation currently? The answer is quite relieving. All of thenetworks are on their tippy toes so they wont get a bad name. The EntertainmentIndustries council, which distributes suggestions to the writers and producersof network shows and TV movies on social issues, is now meeting with writersto develop ways for dramatizing conflict without violence and showing theconsequences of violence. MTV is the most risque station on cableright now. It shows a good amount of sex and violence everyday. Usuallymore sex then violence, but there is a good amount of both. But at MTV,almost one out of three music videos submitted is being ruled inappropriatefor broadcast. The V-Chip is another work in progressfor parents. This device will be in all televisions within 5 years. Itis a rating system for parents, and they can program it to cut off showswith violence or nudity, etc. This will help parents regulate what theirchildren will watch, even when they arent around. It will be like on-lineshopping, a convenience, but you still have to choose what you want tobuy. Film director Oliver Stone says, Filmshave become more sanitized. Were moving away from reality. Were in thegrip of a political correctness thats bothersome. Obviously there willbe some who are concerned with the action government is taking, becausemedia should be realistic and educating, even if it is gruesome. Some woulddisagree with that statement, and those are the ones taking action now. Photojournalist Assistant Professor John Kimmich Javier said, News isntalways pretty or nice. People must face that reality. People have hadto face that reality, and now are taking action to stop that from continuingto be reality. Should it be stopped is the real question. What is the effect of violence in mediawith children compared to with adults? Children model behavior they seein the media. If they dont see the consequences of violence, it will teachthem that violence doesnt cause serious harm. Adults see more violencein the media than actually exists in real life. Thats because producersbelieve that they have to include extraordinary violence in order to keepthe viewer. When heroes use violence, children think that violence is anappropriate way to respond to problems. Children are younger, so they seethings and apply that to their lives, because they are learning everythingat that age. Adults look at it as the mean world syndrome in which theysee how society is portrayed on TV, and they think that every neighborhoodis dangerous, like shown. When in fact most neighborhoods are nothing likethey are portrayed on TV. The writers and producers are exaggerating, tomake it all interesting. There is also discussion of violence onTV not having any affect at all. People have seen so much, that they dontreally think about the actual act occurring on screen. Hanno Hardt, a professorat J-MC School said, Its lost its shock value. Maybe 20 to 30 yearsago we would have been shocked. Now, a generation later, we know that thisis a violent society. And when we read about violence, it only reinforceswhat we know. People have become used to seeing violence on television,but this has become somewhat surreal to them. They dont think of it asreality until it happens to them. When violence happens to people or theirfamily, they become eyewitnesses to this violence. They have personal experiencescompassion sensitivity, fear. People havent lost that.We have covered a huge amount of informationabout the effect of violence in media on society. Did we answer the questionthough? I dont think we did, but I do think that the answer is makingprogress. We are also a lot more informed now of what exactly is in themedia right now, and what studies have shown to be happening. There hasalways been an issue of something effecting society, and there will alwaysbe a plentitude of scapegoats. What is the actual answer though? No oneseems to have it. There is a lot of gray area, but society seems to bemaking this more of a black and white issue. Will the government ever reallytake action? Does action need to be taken? Hopefully after reading this,one is more educated on the difficulty in answering these questions.

Why Doctors Need Emotional Intelligence More Than IQ

Why Doctors Need Emotional Intelligence More Than IQ However competent and caring a physician is, there are still some areas where they might struggle- within a business-centric clinic model, for example, or when resisting a strong pharmaceutical sales pitch. Fortunately one area where most doctors excel is emotional intelligence (EI), a key quality business consultants are constantly trying to instill in shark-toothed CEOs. According to Dr. James C. Salwitz, over at KevinMD.com, â€Å"EI is the ability to identify and manage both your own emotions and those of others; to be aware of and control feelings and, most importantly, help others use emotions, in order to make calm, clear decisions.† It’s the skill set that helps doctors master their own feelings and aid  patients and families working through difficult moments. It should be no surprise that many doctors already have this talent–it’s what leads them into the job in the first place.Not every doctor can be a superstar, of course. Whether through burn out, a personal lack of empathy, or a convergence of difficult personal and professional circumstances, some doctors have trouble getting or maintaining that control over their emotions.It may help to make a mental checklist when going into a fraught situation. How quickly can you identify what you’re feeling? What the patient is feeling? What their family members are feeling? Are you thinking like a team player, and helping prepare your colleagues for pitfalls you can see coming? Can you anticipate the emotional needs of your patients and help them develop a plan to cope?Make sure you’re putting all your empathy skills to good use, and you’ll be a sought-after doctor with an enviable EI!

Starting an Essay with a Quote - The Most Effective Ways!

Starting an Essay with a Quote - The Most Effective Ways! Are you staring at a blank page on the screen unable to write at least a single word? Wondering how to start an essay with a quote? Do you need advice on how to start a college essay and make it impressive to bring you an A-grade? Keep reading to find answers to all the above-mentioned questions. In this article, we will discuss general strategies on how to start a paper with a quote drawing attention. Discover various effective ways to make people want to read your story to the end.   Let’s start with general ideas. Key Rules on How to Start an Essay Have no idea how to start narrative essays for high school? Are you looking for good essay samples to follow when composing your paper? Don’t know how to start an analytical essay? Writing an effective opening paragraph that will inform, motivate your reader can be challenging for schoolchildren/college students. It is an important step in the writing process everyone should take. What strategy can help avoid mistakes? Remember that the most important purpose of your academic piece of writing is to persuade readers of your point of view based on evidence from in-depth research. Consider the following key points in order to succeed: At the essay’s beginning, tell the public about the main idea your paper covers. Introduce your essay’s subject in a clear manner Focus on your paper explaining your audience the central issue of your discussion.   You can do it in various ways. Pose a question, immediately suggesting answers that will be   argued; state a thesis; it is possible to combine these two approaches. It’s up to you to choose the most effective way Can you start an essay with a quote? Definitely, yes! This is one of the killer ways to hook the reader. Bear in mind that when you are thinking how to begin an essay, you should take steps to make your readers fully understand why they might want to continue reading. This is the key You have to catch your reader’s attention with a hook - encourage him/her to read the entire paper. Your goal is to persuade the audience that your text is worth reading You should orient your readers. You need to provide necessary information and explanations to help your audience follow your arguments. You can do it by answering basic questions of who, where, what, how, when, and why or by providing a short overview of the sources you’ll be analyzing ORDER YOUR ESSAY FROM EXPERT Do you wonder how these strategies work? Order a model paper on your topic that will be written according to your specific requirements. It will serve you as an example to help you learn how to start essay with quote and other effective ways able to attract the reader. You can get the helping  list of the best argumentative essay topics  online easily.   How to Start an Essay: Easy Tips to Help You Get Started College essays are long projects. Sometimes, many people find them overwhelming but if you break the writing process into small parts and try to complete your draft step by step, you can expect you will feel more confident and work more productively. Let’s discuss how to start a paper with a quote, taking manageable steps. First, choose a topic that you find intriguing. Define the purpose of your project and evaluate your options. The most successful strategy is to write about a subject that you are passionate about. Conduct research and study the available sources of information. Before you get started with your piece of writing, make a detailed outline to organize your thoughts, sort your ideas into certain categories, and determine natural links between your thoughts. Now, you are ready to write an introduction. Follow the tips below to create an impressive introduction. There are 4 simple tips that will help you to cope with this task quickly and easily. Let’s get started! 1.How to start an essay introduction? To attract your readers’ attention, begin with the killer language means. Brainstorm ideas on an attention grabber and add a couple of sentences that lead to your thesis. Use one of the strategies that we’ve already discussed. Beginning an essay with a quote is a good idea. Finally, use the outline or a mind map of your ideas and create a thesis statement – a sentence or a couple of sentences, the aim of which is to tell your audience about the point you will be arguing about in your paper. A thesis is the last sentence of your introduction. You may need to return to your introduction after you’ve finished the final draft to clarify the focus, change, and rewrite the beginning of your paper several times to ensure that you are able to engage your readers and establish your authority. 2. How to start essay with quote? Do you wonder â€Å" Can I start an essay with a quote?† Definitely, yes! It’s a rather popular way to begin an essay. You should find the right quote that fits your purpose and use it within the framework of your own words. How to begin an essay with a quote? Check the list with the most effective tips on how to put a quote in the beginning of an essay. Avoid the frequently used quotations and clichà ©s that are familiar to everyone because they will bore your target audience making them think that you have been lazy to search for the original quotes Explain how the quote connects to your point Select a quotation that your audience can understand and relate to Make sure the quote exactly fits the tone of your academic paper When introducing a quote, always acknowledge the source. Follow the requirements of a specific citation style These tips on how to start an essay with a quote will help you to pick the right quote that will impress your reader. No matter what sort of opening you choose, make sure it is related to the focus of your paper and serves a good tool for establishing the context, or plays a significant part in your thinking and analysis. Your opening should be clear, direct, and specific. Try to avoid too broad and general openings because they can make your paper look boring 3. How to start a paragraph in an essay? The next step is writing the body paragraphs. Talking about how to start a paragraph in an essay, we should say that all body paragraphs will have the similar basic structure. Write one of your main ideas in the outline as a topic sentence in a paragraph. Then, add supporting ideas. Back each supporting idea with relevant examples, statistics, and other details and make sure you provide enough information to link these smaller ideas together. You will have to write as many body paragraphs as you have main ideas in your outline. 4. How to start a conclusion for an essay? We’ve come to your paper’s final part. Let’s discuss how to start a conclusion for an essay. The length of a conclusion depends on the length of your paper and its complexity. There is no set formula how to do this the right way. Your task is to review the key points and provide a final perspective on your subject. Write 3 to 5 strong sentences. Make sure they reinforce your thesis statement and briefly remind your readers about the significance of your topic, and the research you have conducted. After writing your conclusion, check your paper’s organization and logical flow of ideas, paying attention to the smallest details. Fix grammar, punctuation, and spelling mistakes. As you see, writing high-scoring essays can be complicated and time-consuming but we hope that our simple tips on how to start a good essay will help you succeed in creating impressive beginnings for your admissions, argumentative, persuasive and other types of essays. ORDER YOUR PAPER HERE Key Things You Should Know When Picking the Right Quote for Your Essay Some students think that it is as easy as ABC to start with a quote. However, it is a misconception as you need to learn how to do this the right way. There are certain things you should take into account when looking for the best quote. You should be patient as the search may take you more than one day. You should look through a number of sources to find a saying of a person that will be exactly what you need. Most students give preference to the sayings of famous people. It may sound surprising but this is not the best way to impress the reader. It is better to find a quote of a person who isn’t well-known. You can use a part of a long quote not to bore your reader in the very beginning of your paper. If you have found an interesting saying, don’t rush to use it for your piece of writing. You need to conduct research on the history of the quote. Learn more about its origin to know what context it was first used in. Choose those sayings that were unexpected and creative. Need Professional Help to Understand How to Begin an Essay? Lack great ideas for a powerful introductory paragraph? Looking for the answer to the question â€Å"Can you start a paper with a quote?† Order a custom paper written by an experienced writer on our site and forget about your worries concerning academic writing.   If you face a problem with completing a difficult task assigned to you by your college teacher or university professor, take advantage of the well-written professional examples that we offer to students of all academic levels, regardless the complexity of the topic. Do you wonder how they can be helpful? Simply using them, you will get a perfect understanding of how to start an essay on your topic, write a good introduction, organize your argument in the three body paragraphs, create an impressive conclusion, back your points with appropriate evidence and quotes from the relevant sources.   We will provide you with the perfectly written model papers that can help you in creating your own pieces of writing. Our experts are ready to help you 24/7. Don’t hesitate to contact us whether you face a need to complete your paper urgently or just want us to review your work! Our team of professionals will wait for your order for assignment writing being ready to provide a helping hand and expert advice, which you may lack. Entrust us to write your paper and enjoy your free time, which can be spent on things that really matter to you now. You won’t regret choosing us as your reliable academic helper! Want to check if this is true? Read what our loyal customers say about our top quality services! 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Antibiotic Management of Common Respiratory Infections Essay

Antibiotic Management of Common Respiratory Infections - Essay Example It is unfortunate and alarming that overuse and misuse of antibiotics is bringing resistance to most of the common bacteria. The misuse of antibiotics stems primarily from the inherent inclination of doctors towards prescribing the latest and potent antibiotics without thorough microbiological, M, C & S examinations. To curb this antibiotic abuse the empirical antibiotic management has become the prime necessity of all hospitals (Hedrick, E). Modification in the treatment is made depending upon the patient's progress and bacterial sensitivities. Antibiotic course is started before the availability of microbiological results based on common conditions, but modifications or changes are made when microbiology results are available. As: Recommendations for initiating Antibiotic therapy: The severity of the condition, possible infecting pathogen(s) and route of administration (preferably oral) are to be considered. Constant monitor of the patient's response and changing the route of drug from IV to OD is essential within 24 hrs. Obvious advantages of OD over IV for ciprofloxacin, metronidazole and co-amoxiclav. Except for the severe disease conditions (bone infection) antibiotic therapy should be carried out maximum for 5 days. Restricted Anti-infective Agents: certain drugs are restricted due to their efficacy, toxicity and cost. Doctors need to work closely with the microbiologists and infectious disease experts to stop the misuse. Aim & Objective: Antibiotic use is associated with increased rates of antibiotic-resistant organism. The present study is carried out to empirically measure antibiotic prescription rates and identify predictors of antibiotic use for adults diagnosed for common respiratory infections as per the guidelines laid on resistance pattern at UHL. Methodology: Antibiotic prescription common respiratory infections University Hospital Lewisham Adult Formulary Summary of Antibacterial Treatment Common Respiratory Infections Date of Examination: Name of the Patient: Age: Physician: Weight: Blood Pressure: Gender: Respiratory rate: Allergies: Diabetes: X-ray Chest: Recommended/ Not recommended Present Medication: Symptoms: Microbiology report: (Microscopy, Culture & Sensitivity) Date: Treatment Prescribed: Result: Antibiotics reduce the normal flora of the body especially digestive tract. C.difficle is a spore forming bacterium which is part of the 'normal' bacteria in the gut of up to 3% of healthy adults. Patients who have been treated with broad spectrum antibiotics are at greatest risk of C.difficle associated disease especially cephalosporin amoxicillin and quinolones (Misuse of Antibiotics). Conclusion: Although antibiotics

Computational MCMC Bayesian Inference Assignment

Computational MCMC Bayesian Inference - Assignment Example On the other hand, parameters are uncertain and thus are represented as random variables. Since it is not usual to consider a single value of a parameter, we get a posterior distribution. A posterior distribution sums up all the current knowledge about the uncertain quantities and parameters in a Bayesian analysis. It is mainly the distribution of the parameters after examining the data. However, the posterior distribution is not a good probability density function (pdf), so as to work with it as a probability function it is renormalized to obtain an integral of 1. The Bayesian inference uses the MCMC so as to draw samples from the posterior distribution which aid in getting ideas about the probability distribution function. In addition, MCMC is a methodology that provides solutions to the difficult sampling problems for the purpose of numerical integration. The basic idea behind MCMC Bayesian inference is to form or create a Markov process. This process has a stationary distribution ?(?|D) and then after forming the process run it long enough so that the resulting sample closely approximates a sample from ?(?|D). The samples obtained from this process can be used directly for parametric inferences and predictions (Chen, 2010). With independent samples, the law of large numbers ensures that the approximation obtained can be made increasingly accurate by increasing the sample size (n). The result still holds even when the samples are not independent, as long as the samples are drawn throughout the support of the ?( ?|D) in the correct proportions. Account of MCMC Bayesians Inference When using MCMC Bayesian simulation, we find out that an increase in attempts number that vary within different year performance, leads to an increase in goals, and we come up with a conclusion that scoring of this player happens with a nearly 2.3 minimum number of attempts in the corresponding continuum. The inference will be driven by a formula where we have the summation of the at tempts will be posterior distributed, so by letting X be the random quantity which is discrete to denote the number of successes those are the goals. We will have a MCMC inference by developing a Markov chain with equilibrium. Every field goal scored if affected by a given number of attempt updates. Though the distribution algorithm, we generated in the creation of results we can say that there is a uniform prior leading to a sensible distribution. This posterior distribution also has a tail of infinite total probability mass of attempts but a miniscule probability on goals at each year (Lynch, 2007). The main solution behind this distribution, is to, first come up with the mean and variance from a normal distribution, when they are both known, the priors will then be written down, which will be representing some state of knowledge then come up with a posterior probability distribution for the parameters. This posterior distribution calculation on the MCMC inference simulation, will then work perfectly for the type of data given about the athlete. The goal scoring will definitely increase with an increase of the number of attempts. Model formation The Bayesian factors can be put together with prior odds so as to yield posterior probabilities of each and every hypothesis. These can be employed weighing predictions in the Bayesian model averaging (BMA). Although Bayesian Model Averaging sometimes is an effective, and efficient pragmatic tool for making predictions, the usage

Amateurism in Ncaa football Essay Example for Free

Amateurism in Ncaa football Essay The National Collegiate Athletic Association is corrupted with sneakiness, unfairness and greediness, particularly in division one colleges. In North America, sports play a huge role, especially sports like football, hockey, basketball and baseball. Sometimes this causes us to become vanished of fairness, like are the players being treated right? A great example of injustice in sports is amateurism of football players in division one colleges. Division one and division two athletes must obtain amateurism, which is playing the sport as a hobby rather than for the money, many would define amateurism as worthy but it is really tainted and monopolized! Should NCAA athletes get paid? Numerous of people would easily answer no because college athletes are on scholarships and various athletic departments loses money even with a winning record. Also college athletes have advantages with free tuition, books, living expenses, food, clothing and health. Although all of these features appear wonderful but there are more cons than pros of amateurism. For example the NCAA is a business that are making money out of these athletes basically for free and yes they do receive tuition but that does not compare to the large amount of money the NCAA is making out of them. According the Stanford Review, college athletic is a multimillion-dollar industry with recruiting the best of the best in the nation. So why not pay the best of the best, if they put in all this hard work, then they should be rewarded. Instead the National Colligate Athletic Association is a monopoly because of its limitation of scholarships and other payments to boost its college sports program. Also not all of the athletes receive scholarships. College football players put in more work on the field than they do in the classrooms. For example when in season they have five-hour practices and that doesn’t include lifting for an hour and this is from Tuesday to Friday with game day on Saturday. After the season is over then they begin spring ball which is just only practices and plus they don’t have a summer break because they have to stay for summer ball. We consider college athletes as student athletes but that is such an oxymoron because in realty their sport does come before their schoolwork. When playing in a big division one school, most athletes believe to make it in the big leagues but sadly only about 2% makes it. Colleges should stress more on education for so call student athletes but they don’t because of the athlete’s popularity and how the NCAA is making money out of them regardless if they have a future afterward or not. It’s horrible how the NCAA contract includes that when an athlete commits and decides to transfer to play for another school then they have to sit out a year. This rule is so unfair because coaches don’t have to do that. The NCAA is the biggest monopoly in America according to Bloomberg Businessweek Magazine. When selling college souvenirs and jerseys, videogames, etc and the athlete does not make any money from that, even if they are the main reason for those sales. It is amazing that most players receive a free education but does not compare to what the NCAA is making off of them. The players should receive a cut of these profits or gain a portion of this money after graduation so it can help them financially with their futures. Sadly the NCAA is too considerate of themselves and if an athlete is injure or not performing well then they have no problem wiping their name off the record books. The National Collegiate Athletic Association is a business that makes tons of money from college athletes. Another reason why the NCAA doesn’t pay their athletes is because they will be tax and they can lose a lot of money from that. Well, professional sports obviously pay their athletes and they are tax too but the professional leagues are doing well. College basketball and college football are highly talked about and televised just like the professional sports so it shouldn’t be a problem if college athletes get paid. With amateurism in college sports, athletic programs cheat. They secretly cheat by illegally over paying top players or handing them out free stuff. For instance Cam Newton who was an All-American quarterback playing for Auburn and Mississippi before was secretly offered 120,000 to 18,000 from Mississippi State. Playing in top division one colleges, â€Å"winning isn’t everything, it’s the only thing† and if athletic programs will cheat to have the best recruits and this is no surprise. If amateurism didn’t exist, there wouldn’t be any cheating scandals and every player will treated equally from their performance. Brown, Noah. The NCAA Monopoly The Toonari Post News, Powered by the People! The Toonari Post. N. p. , 24 Mar. 2011. Web. 11 Nov. 2012. http://www. toonaripost. com/2011/03/sports/the-ncaa-monopoly/.

Chinese Paleontologists Create a False Fossil Link Between Birds and Di

Chinese Paleontologists Create a False Fossil Link Between Birds and Dinosaurs An article published in January of 2000, â€Å"All mixed up over birds and dinosaurs†, by Richard Monastersky in Science News Online seems to put an interesting spin on a corresponding article published about six months earlier in the scientific journal Nature. The article in Science News Online seems to imply that the article â€Å"A dromaeosaurid dinosaur with a filamentous integument from the Yixian Formation of China,† could be referring to forged fossils made up by Chinese scientists in order to provide the missing fossil link between birds and dinosaurs. The article was published on September 16, 2004, by Xing Xu and Wu discusses the actual scientific findings of the Archaeoraptor lioningensis fossil, found in the northeastern province of Liaoning, China of what is the Sinornithosaurus millenii dinosaur. Monastersky and other paleontologists seem to believe the fakery occurred in that the tail discovered for the dromaeosaurid is really a mirror image of the ta il of the Archaeoraptor. The articles present completely different sides of the story as one being strictly scientific and the other article presenting damaging information that could prove to be dramatic for the Chinese paleontologists that were apparently trying to make a quick profit off the findings. Some background information on dromaeosaurids is they’re poorly characterized meat-eating dinosaurs that are a group of theropods known to have the closest relationship to birds than that of any other specimen of dinosaurs. These dinosaurs are also thought to be among the fastest and most agile dinosaurs certainly aiding in their hunting of prey. These two key features along with the bi... ... just like everyone else, but with the ever emerging technological world it seems that that code of ethics could be diminishing in one of the world’s oldest fields of study. It is a very hard thing to control and debate, but certainly scientists should try and continue to be fair and honest as they always have been. Certainly it is easy to see from this example that a scientific lie may hold up at first, but after awhile people begin to catch on and in the end it just ends up ruining reputations and careers. Works Cited Monastrersky, Richard. â€Å"All mixed up over birds and dinosaurs.† Science News Online. 15 Jan. 2000. Vol. 157, No.3. Xing Xu, Xiao-Lin Wang and Xiao-Chun Wu. â€Å"A dromaeosaurid dinosaur with a filamentous integument from the Yixian Formation of China.† Nature. 16 Sept. 1999.

Tobacco Industry Csr Malaysia

1. 0 INTRODUCTION Major tobacco firms in Malaysia have begun investing aggressively Corporate Social Responsibility activities to build a positive public image and brand activities via large contributions into social programs nationwide, and to be recognised as contributors to the greater common good. Although CSR is considered as a corporate entity along standards of business ethics, tobacco industry philanthropic activities encounter much criticism and threat of a comprehensive ban on CSR atop present legislations for Tobacco Advertising, Promotion & Sponsorship worldwide.Many concerns have been raised over the practice; alleging that the motives behind tobacco industry CSR are to manipulate public perception of responsible marketing practices and gain favourable position for the individual firms in Malaysia. 2. 0 CSR AND ITS STRATEGIC ADVANTAGES Holme and Watts define CSR as an ongoing pledge by corporations to conduct themselves in an ethical manner and contribute to economic gro wth while developing the quality of workforce livelihood and their families, and the overall local community and societies.CSR programs were developed to answer public urges for corporations to advocate ethical, environmental, health and labour regulations. The Sustainability Entrepreneurship Model by Young and Tilley, as shown in Appendix I, comprises of six decisive factors: eco-efficiency, socio-efficiency, eco-effectiveness, socio-effectiveness and sufficiency and ecological equity; for corporate sustainability which adds to the business’s social responsibilities and enhances its effectiveness, bringing higher cost savings and better profit margins. 8% of consumers said they were more likely to purchase from companies that engages in initiatives to develop society. 3. 0 TOBACCO INDUSTRY AND TOBACCO USE IN MALAYSIA Malaysia is a major cigarette-manufacturing showpiece for tobacco transnational corporations operating in the South East Asian region. Among 92 sectors, the tob acco industry ranks 5th with an economic output totaling to RM11. 7 billion or 3% of Malaysia’s GDP. The tobacco industry in Malaysia comprises of large corporations such as British American Tobacco, market share 68%; Japan Tobacco Inc. 17. 7%; and Philip Morris International, 15. 3%. The industry considers itself a vital contributor in developing Malaysia’s socio-economic condition of the rural population. Tobacco is Malaysia’s most largely cultivated non-food crop, with 12,148 hectares and 1,200 hectares of land solely for tobacco cultivation in Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia respectively. The industry’s activities range from tobacco leaf cultivation and curing, tobacco production to marketing and distribution.Records show that more than 190,000 people are employed in the industry, and 120,000 people involved in tobacco farming and curing. Smoking statistics show that 10,000 Malaysians succumb to smoking-related ailments annually, making it the t op killers in the country since the 1980s. According to Global Adult Tobacco Survey based in Malaysia, 23. 1% or 4. 75 million adults currently smoke, 43. 9% (4. 64 million) being men and 1. 0% (0. 10 million) women. The study also suggested that the expenditure on manufactures cigarettes cover 3. % of the GDP in 2011, its data showing present smokers using an average of RM 178. 80 monthly on manufactured cigarettes. 4. 0 PRACTICE OF TOBACCO INDUSTRY CSR IN MALAYSIA The industry engages CSR in various methods to achieve maximum public exposure and influence. The common approach of tobacco industry CSR is corporate philanthropy in which the firms provide monetary aids in areas such as culture and arts, education, shelter, social welfare and the environment. In addition, they offer support to government policies and sponsorship of events such as youth smoking prevention programs.Several firms have even established charitable foundations to fund their initiatives, such as the British A merican Tobacco Foundation which was set up with the aim to obtain and manage funds for education, scientific and other charitable purposes. In conjunction with National Kenaf and Tobacco Board, the foundation has rewarded over 2,000 recipients RM 1. 1 million since its initiation in 2002. Formation of alliances between tobacco firms with non-governmental organizations exist as well.Yayasan Salam Malaysia is a long-term NGO partner of Philip Morris since 2006, both supporting a variety of CSR programs concerning poverty and society’s wellbeing. Their annual partnership had revolved around building information and communication technology (ICT) centres in rural places and providing financial aids for the underprivileged. BAT is also the first local tobacco company to publish Social Reports since 2001; these reports highlighting the firms CSR activities conducted year-round, looking forward to aligning itself with other businesses that conduct CSR activities.The company had rec eived the Malaysian Sustainability Reporting Award from the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants for BAT’s efforts in cancer research. 5. 0 CRITICISMS TOWARD TOBACCO INDUSTRY CSR The tobacco industry is one of the most criticised members of the modern business community. Several disputes have arisen worldwide declaring that tobacco industry products are lethal to their consumers, and the CSR activities will be unable to resolve the fundamental contradiction with ethical corporate citizenship.WHO defines tobacco industry tactics utilizing CSR as a tool â€Å"to promote voluntary measures as an effective way to address tobacco control and create an illusion of being a ‘changed’ company and to establish partnerships with health interests. † These charitable campaigns purposefully influence the perception among youths and adults that the tobacco industry is deceitful and guilty for advocating smoking among youths and adults. Tobacco companies’ internal documents have revealed the motives behind industry-sponsored programs, aimed to increase profits and stimulate company investments.It is alleged that by conducting CSR, tobacco firms aim to build favourable views regarding the industry and tobacco issues by demonstrating their responsibility and concern about the wellbeing of consumers and stakeholders. Another tobacco industry goal is to achieve political influence with the intention of obstruct government efforts to regulate tobacco control, as evident in Malaysia. These CSR initiatives also pose as protection against litigations or lawsuits.The sponsorship of tobacco firms in youth anti-smoking campaigns is claimed to be a scheme to access youths for market research, to normalise brands and to avert success of anti-tobacco campaigns. A report by the British Medical Association stated that tobacco industry CSR as a form of marketing for firms, and as such it should be prohibited under the terms of Article 13 of the Fram ework Convention on Tobacco Control, which calls for Parties to impose a full ban on tobacco advertising, promotion and advertising, including CSR.CSR functions in favour of the industry by creating goodwill with lawmakers and the public, crushing bad publicity for its lethal goods, and resolving conflict from tobacco control advocates. The tobacco-caused death and disease suffered by societies and families contradict the advantages of charity or sponsorship for social interests. Tobacco consumption offers zero merits to the underprivileged, and any financial aid offered by tobacco firms accountable for smoking-related ailments and financial woes of the nation fails to relieve poverty, environmental, or health problems. . 0 POLITICAL ECONOMY AND CONTROL OF TOBACCO IN MALAYSIA Advocacy for tobacco control in Malaysia had begun in the 1970s, with gradual growing initiatives to institute specific legislations to regulate tobacco manufacturing and consumption. Compliant to the FCTC, Mal aysia enacts legislation compliant with the FCTC by providing extensive regulation and banning of advertising, promotion and sponsorship. Presently, Malaysia allows tobacco industry CSR, and it has been abused by the industry as a strategic tool to change its public image.Measures to undertake the Malaysian smoking epidemic is inconsistent – from one point of view, the cost of lives and health interests; while the other, the critical consequences of tobacco control on tobacco farmers and alleviating poverty. The Malaysian government is an active shareholder and advocate of tobacco. They are major partners in two of Malaysia’s largest tobacco corporations with direct financial interests in the industry.Major shareholders of BAT and JTI include statutory bodies such as the Skim Amanah Saham Bumiputera, Employees Provident Fund, and Amanah Saham Malaysia, demonstrating the Malaysian state controlled ownership of shares in the tobacco industry. A large number of Bumiputera s partake in tobacco cultivation with Bumiputera partners being of key importance in the ownership of tobacco firms. Corresponding to the government policy to promote foreign investment, BAT, Philip Morris, and R. J.Reynolds Tobacco Company have set up their subsidiaries and established manufacturing facilities within the country. 7. 0 CONCLUSION In averting the overall poor public image, weak knowledge regarding individual tobacco firms, and more litigations and restraints, the tobacco industry CSR activities are meant to improve public perception of the industry. CSR activities by tobacco firms purposefully highlight their philanthropic contributions to the society and also promote youth smoking prevention programs.As long as there is absence of major restraints and public criticism, the tobacco industry will continue to operate unreservedly, utilising CSR to promote its â€Å"responsible† marketing practices and to receive favorable ratings for individual firms within the country. The tobacco industry’s public relation efforts may possibly influence Malaysian audiences to develop further resistance against the objections faced by the industry, alleviate jurors’ negative scrutiny toward the industry, and thus deteriorating public or legislative support for tobacco control policies in Malaysia.

The Devil and Tom Walker and Rip Van Wrinkle

â€Å"The Devil and Tom Walker† and â€Å"Rip Van Winkle† by Washington Irving are two very similar yet different stories. Both of these stories talk about the American Dream and how one can want it but be disappointed when one gets it. Tom and Rip both have wives that are turning points in the stories. They both nag so much that it drives them to crazy things. The imagery in these stories gives a real feel for the scenery and how it interacts with the stories. Van Winkle and Tom both get what they wanted but once they achieve it they find that it is not what they want and regret their decisions.The message in these stories is be careful who you interact with they may not be who one wants them to be. The American Dream is to gain a great deal of wealth no matter the circumstances. Tom Walker and his wife are all about the Dream and Rip Van Winkle is wants his version of wealth to just fall into his lap. To Tom and his wife wealth is heaps and heaps of gold or money. Tom ’s wife â€Å"avarice was awakened at the mention of hidden gold, and she urged her husband to comply with the black man's terms and secure what would make them wealthy for life. (Washington Irving). She is so willing to do anything to get gold that she would even make a deal with the Devil. Tom makes the deal with the Devil and he becomes a slave trader. That is a horrific job, selling other human beings, but he still made a lot of money. Tom achieves the American Dream but not in the way he wanted to. He thought he would just obtain wealth, but he had to work for the money. To Rip Van Winkle wealth is not having your wife nagging you and getting to be happy. He leaves to the mountain so he can get away from her.He thinks he will get away from her for a while but he gets stuck sleeping for twenty years. Van Winkle achieves the Dream but he realizes that he doesn’t want the dream. In both of these stories Rip Van Winkle and Tom Walker achieve the American Dream but th ey realize it is not what the believed they wanted. Tom and Rip are very similar and different. First of all â€Å"Tom was a hard-minded fellow, not easily daunted, and he had lived so long with a termagant wife, that he did not even fear the devil. Tom is a man who doesn’t easily get frightened. On the other hand â€Å"Rip Van Winkle, however, was one of those happy mortals, of foolish, well-oiled dispositions, who take the world easy, eat white bread or brown, whichever can be got with the least thought or trouble, and would rather starve on a penny than work for a pound. † He is a man who is happy with life and would rather starve than work for money. They are similar in their troubles though. Rip Van Winkle wants to get rid of his wife and so does Tom Walker.Tom and Rip both regret their decisions at the end of the stories. Tom regretting making the deal with Old Scratch and Rip regretting helping the hiker on the mountain because he loses his wife and â€Å"many of his former cronies†. Next we have the husband wife relationship in both cases. Now Rip was sort of a say nothing do nothing when it came to his house and wife. His wife would bad mouth him and yell at him, but Rip wouldn't do much of anything. He would just go off and sleep not worrying about anything. If left to himself, he would have whistled life away in perfect contentment; but his wife kept continually dinning in his ears about his idleness, his carelessness, and the ruin he was bringing on his family†¦ He shrugged his shoulders, shook his head, cast up his eyes, but said nothing. Morning, noon, and night, her tongue was incessantly going, and everything he said or did was sure to produce a torrent of household eloquence†. If his wife wouldn’t nag him, Rip Van Winkle would go on and live life in perfect satisfaction.Every time Rips wife would ask him to do something, he would just shrug it off all day and everyday. She would talk all day and if Rip a ctually attempted to help or do what she said he would get bad mouthed and it would produce more chaos in his house than there was before. Now Tom and his wife on the other hand would battle to the death. Tom would yell and scream so his wife might agree with him. â€Å"Many and bitter were the quarrels they had on the subject, but the more she talked the more resolute was Tom not to be damned to please her.At length she determined to drive the bargain on her own account, and if she succeeded, to keep all the gain to herself†. They had verbal and physical battles all the time. The more she argued the more Tom would not want to do whatever she wanted him to do. In this case the more she wanted Tom to make the deal with Old Scratch the more he did not want to do it. Tom would hide money and so would his wife wouldn’t get rich with him. In both of the stories the wife husband relationship would be a turning point in both cases.In â€Å"Rip Van Winkle†, his wife ver bally abused him so much that he just left and went to the mountains to get away from her constant nagging. In â€Å"The Devil and Tom Walker†, Tom’s wife basically makes Tom make the deal. She tries to make the deal but Old Scratch kills her and that is what seals the deal for Tom. When he finds his wife’s apron and her organs, he goes and makes the deal. These wives are the reason for the bad that happens to Tom Walker and Rip Van Walker. The scenery shows great imagery.One can tell â€Å"Rip Van Winkle† is set in a fantasy world right away by the way Irving sort of zooms in on the scene, first he tells of the mountains and then the town â€Å"When the weather is fair and settled, they are clothed in blue and purple, and print their bold outlines on the clear evening sky; but sometimes, when the rest of the landscape is cloudless, they will gather a hood of gray vapors about their summits, which, in the last rays of the setting sun, will glow and light up like a crown of glory. † When the weather is fair the mountains are blue and purple, and they show their outlines against the sky.The fog gathers on the mountains as hoods and the sun rays light up the mountains. He then zooms in on the town, then you find yourself in a room with Rip Van Winkle and his wife. In â€Å"The Devil and Tom Walker† the Washington Irving gives describes the inlet where Old Scratch is found. â€Å"On one side of this inlet is a beautiful dark grove; on the opposite side the land rises abruptly from the water's edge, into a high ridge on which grow a few scattered oaks of great age and immense size. † There is a dark grove where the water rises right up to the gigantic oaks.In both of the stories you get the feeling of something supernatural is going to happen. Washington Irving use imagery suitably for each story. Both Rip Van Winkle and Tom Walker get what they want. In Rip’s case he wanted to get rid of his wife and his jobs . He goes to the mountain to escape from his wives verbal abuse and he basically gets a new life. In Tom’s case he wants money and doesn't want his wife. He meets the Devil, and the Devil wants to make him a deal. The deal is to give Old Scratch Tom Walker’s soul and Old Scratch will make Tom wealthy.Tom wants to make the deal with Old Scratch, but he doesn't want to do it for his wife to get rich with him. When she goes and tries to make the deal with the Devil, she gets murdered by Old Scratch and that makes Tom seal the deal with him. In the end, Tom is held up to his end of the deal, his soul. The message in these two stories is be careful who you interact with. Rip was climbing the mountain to get away from his nagging wife. He saw a man that â€Å"bore on his shoulder a stout keg, that seemed full of liquor, and made signs for Rip to approach and assist him with the load.Though rather shy and distrustful of this new acquaintance, Rip complied with his usual alac rity†. This man wanted Rip to help him with a keg and normally Rip doesn’t help people but he randomly helped this man. If he wouldn’t have helped the man, Rip may have never fallen asleep in the mountains for twenty years. Tom interacted with Old Scratch, the Devil. Tom was just taking a short cut and found the Devil on an Indian burial ground. The Devil wanted Tom’s soul and did whatever he could to get Tom’s soul. Tom got sucked in by the money that he could have and agreed to the Devils deal.If Tom hadn’t been so greedy, he may never have been so frustrated to call upon the Devil and might still have been able to live a longer life. These stories give great contrast and comparison. The American Dream shows that what you want isn’t always what you think you want. Their wives drive these stories and make Tom and Rip do their crazy things. The imagery in these stories shows how important the scenery is to the stories. Getting what you want isn’t always the best thing for you. Tom and Rip find that out the hard way.

Rebecca Nurse Essays

Rebecca Nurse Essays Rebecca Nurse Paper Rebecca Nurse Paper Essay Topic: Rebecca In 1692 in Salem, Massachusetts, ten teen-age girls claimed that Reverend Samuel Parris slave, Tituba and two elderly women from the town a Salem had bewitched them. In four months hundreds of people were imprisoned, 19 of whom were hanged and one was pressed to death with rock, all due to witchcraft. Two hundred and sixty years later the people of the United States became frightened that communism would strike America as it had in countries such as China and the USSR. People who were suspected of communism were brought before inquiries that were televised and were asked to sign confessions, lead by McCarthy. Senator Joseph McCarthy was anti-communist supporter who lead investigations to seek out people who had left wing sympathies. He worked on the principle of guilty until proved innocent, the opposite of methods usually worked with in a fair court system. One of the ways to get out of it was to name others. Most of the people brought before inquiries were not communists, although they may have been slightly left wing. Although they were not executed, they were prevented from ever working again. Miller wrote the play in the 1950s in America whilst this was going on. The main people who were attacked by these activities were people who worked in mass media, such as Miller himself. Miller saw a similarity between the Salem Witch trials of 1692 and the un-American activities in America in his life and wrote a play set in the Witch Trials in 1692. The main characters in the play are: Parris, a forty year old widower who was Reverend of the village; Abigail, Paris niece aged 17; Proctor, a farmer in his mid-thirties married to Elizabeth with two children; Giles Corey, eighty year old man often blamed for problems in the village; Hale, nearing forty Reverend of Beverly, a nearby town and Danforth, Deputy Governor of the village. The play begins by Parris catching a group of girls dancing in the woods and they are said to be trying to make contact with the devil. Parris accuses them of practising witchcraft. Whilst this is happening Betty and Ruth are struck down with a strange illness and witchcraft is immediately accused. John Proctor and Abigail have a conversation about their past affair and Abigail tells him that she is waiting for him every night but Proctor tells her that he is over her. Reverend Hale a specialist in witch hunting arrives and examines Betty. He questions Abigail and Tituba, Tituba admits to witchcraft to avoid hanging, they begin to name others and accuse them of consorting with the devil. Danforth arrives in town to supervise the court proceedings against the accused witches. Elizabeth encourages John to go and testify against the girls, then Mary arrives and tells Elizabeth that Abigail cried witch against her. Hale arrives and questions the Proctors about Christianity, Proctor can recite all the commandments apart from the one forbidding adultery. Elizabeth is arrested as she is accused of stabbing Abigail in the stomach, through a poppet. Francis, Corey and Proctor go to court to proclaim their wives innocence and Corey charges Putnam with making his daughter incriminate townsmen with the intention of obtaining their land, he has a witness but will not name them and so is arrested. Mary is persuaded by Proctor to tell the truth and is brought to court, but Abigail denies this and leads the other girls to act as if being witched by Mary. Proctor tells the truth about his affair with Abigail and says that Elizabeth can substantiate his claim and that she is incapable of lying. Elizabeth is brought before the court and in an effort to save her husbands name she lies for the first time in her life. By this time Mary is overcome by the hysterical cries from the girls and so joins in with them and accuses Proctor of being a witch. Hale pleads with the prisoners to save themselves and requests that Danforth pardon the accused but Danforth says that I cannot pardon these when twelve are already hanged for the same crime. It is not just. Hale asks Elizabeth to ask Proctor to save himself she agrees to see him, but promises nothing. Whilst alone she forgives him for being unfaithful believing that its partly her own fault. She did not tell him what to do but tells him to judge himself, as she cannot. Proctor does not want to die and confesses, but will not name others. He tears up his confession and Hale shouts to Elizabeth Woman plead with him! But Elizabeth refuses saying He have his goodness now. God forbid I take it from him! Parris was aged forty in the play, a widower and Reverend of the village. He believes that he is superior to the majority of the villagers and particularly Proctor. He feels insecure, as he is worried of losing his job and his reputation for now my ministry is at stake. In the beginning Parris does not wish the situation to get out of control but let you say nothing of witchcraft yet. His admiration for Hale is evident as soon as he arrives as he carries his heavy books for him.

Biography of Sherman Alexie, Jr., Prize Winning Author and Filmmaker

Biography of Sherman Alexie, Jr., Prize Winning Author and Filmmaker Sherman Alexie (born October 7, 1966) is a novelist, short story writer, poet, and filmmaker who has published over 25 books. Born on the Spokane Indian Reservation in Wellpinit, Washington, Alexie has been a key contributor to Indigenous Nationalism literature, drawing on his experiences with ancestry from several tribes. Fast Facts: Sherman Alexie, Jr. Known For: Prize Winning poet, novelist, performer, and filmmaker.Born: October 7, 1966, Spokane Indian Reservation in Wellpinit, Washington.Parents: Lillian and Sherman Alexie, Sr.  Education: Reservation schools on the Spokane Indian Reservation, Reardon High School, Gonzaga University, Washington State University.Published Works: You Dont Have to Say You Love Me: A Memoir, 25 other books.Spouse: Diane Tomhave.Children: 2. Early Life Sherman Alexie, Jr., was born Sherman Joseph Alexie, Jr. on October 7, 1966. He is the second son of four children of Lillian and Sherman Alexie, Sr. Lillian Cox (1936–2015), was a Spokane Indian, one of the last fluent speakers of the language; Sherman Sr, , who died in 2015, was a member of the Coeur d’Alene tribe. Sherman Jr. was born hydrocephalic (with water on the brain) and at six months underwent a brain operation from which he was not expected to survive. He did more than that. Despite the resulting childhood seizures, Alexie turned out to be an advanced reader and was purportedly reading novels like ​The Grapes of Wrath at the age of five. Alexie was diagnosed with biopolar disease in 2010, but he believes he suffered from it as a young child. As a teenager enrolled in the reservation schools, Alexie found his mothers name written in a textbook assigned to him. Determined not to spend his life on the reservation, he sought a better education at the high school in Reardan, Washington, where he was a top student and a star basketball player. Upon graduation in 1985, Alexie attended Gonzaga University on a scholarship from which he transferred to Washington State University after two years to study pre-med. Fainting spells in anatomy class convinced Alexie to change his major, a decision reinforced by a love of poetry and an aptitude for writing. He graduated with a bachelors degree in American Studies and shortly thereafter received the Washington State Arts Commission Poetry Fellowship and the National Endowment for the Arts Poetry Fellowship. As a young man, Alexie struggled with alcoholism but gave up drinking at the age of 23 and has been sober since. Literary and Film Work Alexies first collection of short stories, The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven (1993) won him a PEN/Hemingway Award for Best First Book of Fiction. He followed up with a first novel, Reservation Blues (1995) and a second, Indian Killer (1996), both award winners. In 2010, Alexie was awarded the PEN/Faulkner Award for his short story collection, War Dances. Alexie, whose work draws mainly from his experiences as a Native American both on and off the reservation, collaborated in 1997 with Chris Eyre, a Cheyenne/Arapaho Indian filmmaker. The pair rewrote one of Alexies short stories, This is What it Means to Say Phoenix, Arizona, into a screenplay. The resulting film, Smoke Signals, premiered at the 1998 Sundance Film Festival and went on to win several awards. Alexie went on to write and direct  The Business of Fancydancing in 2002, wrote 49? in 2003, presented  The Exiles  in 2008 and participated in  Sonicsgate  in 2009. Awards Sherman Alexie is the recipient of numerous literary and artistic awards. He was a World Poetry Bout Association champion for four consecutive years, and a guest editor of the literary journal Ploughshares; his short story What You Pawn I Will Redeem was selected by juror Ann Patchett as her favorite story for The O. Henry Prize Stories 2005. During the same year ​that he was awarded the PEN/Faulkner Award for  War Dances  in 2010, he was awarded the Native Writers Circle of the Americas Lifetime Achievement Award, became the first American Puterbaugh Fellow, and earned the California Young Reader Medal for  The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian. Controversy In March, 2018, three women went on record to accuse Sherman Alexie of sexual harassment. That same month, he acknowledged wrongdoing and apologized, and at the same time declined to accept the Carnegie Medal he had been awarded in the previous month. In April, 2018, Alexies memoir, You Dont Have to Love Me was delayed at the publishers request but eventually published in June. In December, 2018, his film Smoke Signals was named by the Library of Congress to the National Film Registry.   Alexie lives in Seattle with his wife and two sons. Sources Alexie, Sherman. You Dont Have to Say You Love Me: A Memoir. New York, Falls Apart Productions, 2017.  -. The Absolute True Diary of a Part-Time Indian. New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2007.Laban, Monique. Why Sherman Alexie’s Sexual Misconduct Feels Like a Betrayal. Electric Literature, March 20, 2018.  Neary, Lynn. It Just Felt Very Wrong: Sherman Alexies Accusers Go On The Record. National Public Radio, March 5, 2018.

Mary Seacole Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Mary Seacole - Research Paper Example Because historians did not begin to study this great women until 1970s, a lot of the information regarding her life was lost with time. All the work done on Mary Seacole, whether in academic papers or in popular media can be dated to within the last 30-40 years. But, even at this late date, historians have dug enough to give us a pretty accurate picture of Mary Seacole's life from her birth to her death. Through the dedicated work of several writers over the past few decades, we know a lot more about Seacole today than we did even twenty-five years ago. Yet, there remain a number of gaps in our knowledge regarding Mary Seacole and as a result of the fact that her life and achievements were completely ignored after her death and hence lost in the mist of time, there is little hope of scholars and historians learning much more about this forgotten heroine. Of the hundreds of books and articles written on Seacole, this essay has shortlisted two books and an article to discuss Seacole's contribution to history. Robinson has done a thorough job of researching Seacole's life and the various influences on it. Her book is much more complete since Robinson takes the pains of putting together bits and pieces of information from various sources to come to conclusions that help us better understand Seacole. Ramdin too analyzes Seacole's life. However, he is almost entirely dependent on her autobiography and as result, Ramdin's book is more a retelling of the Seacole story and does not add much to the canonical information available about Seacole. Since very limited information is available about Seacole, mostly because of lack of interest in her life, it is normal to ask why Seacole's story was lost in time while Nightingale became the inspiration of nurses around the world. Seaton attempts to answer this question and look at the various attempts made in the last few decades to restore her memory. The historians working on Mary Seacole have a tough time finding and validat ing information related to this heroine of the Crimean War. Almost everything that we know today about her life is through her autobiography, "Wonderful Adventures of Mrs. Seacole". But historians like Robinson have been able to glean a wealth of information from other primary things "reported in transcripts...[of] a court case, recorded in her will, and printed in letters published in Punch and The Times." (Robinson 7). For example, Seacole does not mention her maiden name or her father's name anywhere in her autobiography. But based on her will, records of army personal posted in Jamaica around the time Seacole was born and "an entry Kingston Registers of Death of a spinster, Louisa Grant",(10) Robinson was able to deduce to that Seacole's father was named James Grant. Similarly, even though Seacole never mentions the year of her birth, and her birth was never registered, her death certificate helps Robinson place her birth around the year 1805. The first chapter of Robinson's boo k also discusses the presence and influence of several other people in her life including her mother, and a grandmotherly lady who is not identified by name. Robinson also takes pains to explain Seacole's social status in the little Jamaican island as well as in Britain, which she apparently visited as a teenagers. All these details are extremely important in an introductory chapter about a women who