HOW CAN WE STOP THE ABUSE OF THE AMERICAN WELFARE SYSTEM? Essay

HOW CAN WE STOP THE ABUSE OF THE AMERICAN WELFARE SYSTEM?It is well known that the Social Security Act of 1935 created a federally financed and federally administered retirement insurance program for people who had worked in certain sectors of the economy and had paid payroll taxes on their wages. What is less known is that the Act as well created a federally financed but state-administered program called Aid to Dependent Children (ADC, modernr to become Aid to Families with Dependent Children, or AFDC)? As Sheldon H. Danziger and Jeffrey S. Lehman stated in wellbeing, When Americans speak of welfare or relief they are usually alluding to ADC and its successor programs. From the outset, the design and implementation of ADC highlighted the central conflicts of welfare policy. Issues of race, gender, work, and parenting style were, then as now, matters of massive social tension(Danziger). From 1935 to 1960 the only changes to the welfare structure was the inclusion of widows a nd disabled people into the social security system.In the 1960s policymakers began to speak of creating equal fortune for everyone by educating and rehabilitating the poor so they could compete (on an equal footing) in the market place. The policymakers thought that this would eliminate the artificial barriers imposed by the circumstances of birth. By the late 1960s a welfare rights movement advanced the claim that welfare was not an act of public charity, but instead an entitlement of the poor (Danziger). This claim was the progeny of the Civil Rights, Womens Rights and opposition to the Vietnam War movements and the corresponding changes in philosophy and moral outlook that these movements brought about. This entitlement credo was op... ...ified. One thing is certain, measurable or not, coarse efforts are being made to curtail and eliminate child abuse. Works CitedBoxall, Bettina. How Fair is Workfare? Los Angeles Times 9 Mar. 1997 1Boyer, Barbara. PA PHILADELPHIA WELF ARE FRAUD STATISTIC Philadelphia Inquirer.8 Jan.1999 B1 Danziger, Sheldon H., Jeffrey S. Lehman, wellbeing. The Oxford brother to American Law (2010) Hall, Carla. Taking Parenting a Step at a Time Education Los Angeles Times 19 Nov.1994 1Hasking, Ron. Work over Welfare The Inside Story of the 1996 Welfare Reform Law. Brookings Instituteion Press Wahington, DC (2006) 364

Conflict is a Major Issue in Othello Essays -- shakespeare, Literary An

Conflict is a major issue in Othello, the source for all the problems in the story all lead nates to love and jealousy. Love can be an extremely powerful thing in life. It can easily draw two people closer together or simply destroy something that could have been great. Ironically similar, jealousy can tear something apart just as fast as love can. This without end tragedy starts out in Venice, with a plot to attain revenge on Othello. Iago and Roderigo are simply jealous with the fact that Othello has promoted Cassio to his lieutenant instead of Iago, along with the bitterness they both shared towards Othello to begin with (Shakespeare for Students, Othello). Together, Iago and Roderigo have come up with a plan to ultimately push Othello over the edge. For starters, Cassio unwillingly has told Iago that he is equal to be easily intoxicated and well obviously Iago uses this information against Cassio. Long story short, Cassio has stirred up a brawl to which in the long belt al ong costs him his new status as lieutenant. After all of this goes down Iago, trying to seem like the concerning friend, convinces Cassio to speak with Desdemona, Othellos new bride, about the situation. Luckily, so Cassio thinks, Desdemona does such and tries to talk with Othello to have his dear friend reinstated. It is possible for people to make mistake. Once again Iago uses Cassios ignorance against him. All through the story nigh every inadequate detail and event all leads back to the scheme of Iago. Iago is thinking this could not work out better for me, so his next purpose of process is that this conversation between Othello and his dear wife Desdemona will make Othellos mind play tricks on him. Soon there after Othello is sure to keep closer watch of hi... ...or example when she asked him to tell her how much he loved her, If it be love indeed, tell me how much. Her maids add a little to Cleopatras characteristics. Also she had a messenger go to Antony saying she was d ead, which she was not.Cleopatras character is so exotic and proud to be able to manipulate custody but Desdemona is a complete opposite. Betrayal is the other ultimate theme of both of these tragedies. In Othello, he betrays Desdemona by believing the evil Iago and not communicating with his wife. He instead assumes Iagos statements are of truth. We see Iagos slyness and cleverness grow and a vapid rate, Desdemonas innoncence becomes more apparent and Othellos character galls from a noble warrior into a jealous fool. Iago is the source of the problems in Othello. He has motivation to ruin dear Othello because of the promotion Cassio gets instead of Iago.

The Relation between Seneca’s Hercules Furens and Aristotle’s Poetics E

The Relation between Senecas Hercules Furens and Aristotles Poetics The intent of this paper is to discuss Senecas Hercules Furens in relation to Aristotles description of tragedy as outlined in the Poetics. It begins by discussing character, and attempts to determine the nature of Hercules error (a(marti/a).11 The paper then discusses matters of plot (muqoj), attempting to determine the degree to which Hercules Furens meets Aristotles requirements for good tragedy in this regard. According to Aristotle, the best(p) tragedy evokes feelings of fear and pity.22 Since characters in a tragedy must perform action (pracij), it follows that the best tragedy must contain well-nigh action that is repugnant (mia&ron) or terrible, so as to inspire pity and fear.33 In Hercules Furens this action is Hercules murder of his wife and children. Here, as a result of his madness, Hercules commits a repulsive act in ignorance of what he does, which according to Aristotle is better than to act with kno wledge of the wickedness of the act (he gives Medeas murder of her children as an example). The very best tragedy, however, is one in which the character is ignorant of the repulsive act he is about to commit, yet becomes aware of that act just in time to forbear from committing it. Obviously this last is not the case with Hercules, and therefore Aristotle would count Senecas tragedy as belonging to the second best type (like Sophocles Oedipus).However, there is a second action of this sort that occurs at end of the play, when Hercules intends to knock down himself. It occurs just as Hercules is about to carry out the act of suicide. Here Amphitrion also threatens to kill himself should Hercules die aut vivis aut occidis (1308), eithe... ... 10.10 Poet. 1452a25-30.11 Poet. 1452a20-25.12 Poet. 1452a30.13 Poet. 1452a25.14 Lawall (1983) 10 argues that the final act, not the madness, is the true dramatic climax of the play.Works CitedAristotles Poetics. Trans. Apostle, H. G., E. A. D obbs, and M. A. Parslow. Grinell, IA The Peripatetic Press 1990.Lawall, Gibert. Virtus and Pietas in Senecas Hercules Furens. Senecan Tragedy. Spec. phone number of Ramus 12.1-2 (1983) 6-26.Motto, A. L. and J. R. Clark. Maxima Virtus in Senecas Hercules Furens. Classical Philology 76 (1981) 101-17.Additional Works ConsultedMotto, A. L. and J. R. Clark. The Monster in Senecas Hercules Furens 926-939. Classical Philology 89 (1994) 269-72.Rose, A. R. Senecas flick Song (Hercules Furens, 125-58) and the Imagery of Cosmic Disruption. Latomus 44.1 (1985) 101-23.

Summary of Middlemarch Essay -- essays research papers

After their parents die, Celia and Dorothea Brooke go to live with their uncle Mr. Brooke at Tipton Grange in Middlemarch, a small town in the English countryside. Dorothea, the beautiful, clever sister, immediately attracts the attention of Sir James Chettam, but with her always present desire to be useful, Dorothea has eyes and for the older, scholarly Mr. Casaubon. Against the desires of many in the Middlemarch community, Dorothea and Casaubon are married. In the meantime, the lives of another pair of would-be lovers becomes quite complicated. Fred Vincy, by nature a somewhat wild and uncorrected young man, finds himself in debt. He has accepted credit from unreliable sources and must find a way to repay the debt, if he does not, the father of Mary Garth, Freds just now true love, must pay the debt for him. Freds only hope is that his old, dying uncle Peter Featherstone will leave him money in his will. When Featherstone dies, he leaves two wills. The first promises a large sum of money to Fred, but the second and more recent will leaves the entire estate to Mr. Joshua Rigg, Peter Featherstones son, thus effectively crushing Freds expectations. As a result of the disappointment, Fred becomes violently ill. The Vincys call in young Dr. Lydgate, a doctor who hopes to reform medical practices in England. In the process of attending to Fred, Lydgate finds himself catch by Rosamond Vincy, Freds sister. On their honeymoon in Rome, the newly married Casaubons find things not to be as happy as they had expected. Mr. Casaubon spends his time doing research for his password The Key to All Mythologies, Dorothea, who desperately wants to help him in his scholarly pursuits, finds herself shut out from his work. One afternoon as she... ...e support of a wealthy leave behind is another step towards restoring Lydgates name. Dorothea also visits Rosamond, convincing her that Lydgate loves her and that the two of them should be happy together. In the process, though, D orothea realizes her own love for Will Ladislaw. Much to the dismay of Sir James Chettam and others, Dorothea renounces her portion and marries Will. The novel ends with a vision of the futures of the different characters. Rosamond and Lydgate build a marriage and a medical practice, their lives are generally happy though not without fooling problems. Fred Vincy and Mary Garth are married and live happily as hard working tenants at Stone Court, the land that Fred had once hoped to inherit from his uncle Featherstone. Dorothea and Will Ladislaw impel to London where they build a happy family and Dorothea continues to look for ways to be useful.

Metoric Rise of Tommy Hilfiger :: essays papers

Metoric Rise of Tommy HilfigerThe Meteoric Rise of Tommy HilfigerAs a Recognized Brand Name The Four Great American Designers for workforce Are R---- L-----, P---- E----, C----- K----, T---- H-------. When this Wheel of Fortune-style advertisement was unveiled in 1985, the public easily identified the first three designers as Ralph Lauren, Perry Ellis, and Calvin Klein, but who was this quaternary designer? The fourth designer, to whom the ad belonged to, was Tommy Hilfiger. At that time, Tommy Hilfiger and his recently begun company specializing in mens fashions were unknown. However, in less that a decade since that first advertisement appeared, Tommy Hilfiger has become a enormously successful company at the forefront of the fashion industry. As Jack Hyde, a Fashion Institute of Technology professor, has stated, Its Hilfiger, Hilfiger, Hilfiger. Tommy Hilfiger, 48, founder, designer, and honorary chairman of the Hong Kong-based company that bears his name, was natural and raised in the small town of Elmira, newborn York. He was one of nine children. Even at a young age, his fashion and artistic talents were shown done his dress. Hes always wearing a shirt or a pair of pants that was a little different than what everyone else was wearing a friend of his remarked. In 1969, Hilfiger and two friends opened Peoples Place, a store specializing in trendy fashions and other items. The store grew and expanded with Peoples Places opening in various upstate New York towns much(prenominal) as Ithaca and Corning. Hilfiger, wanting to design clothes rather than purchase them from the manufacturer, began to consider becoming a designer. When his Peoples Place chain went bankrupt in 1977, Hilfiger moved to New York and worked as a designer, even though he had never attended design school, for various companies until 1984, when Tommy Hilfiger the company was born. Today Tommy Hilfiger labels grace everyone from Presid ent Bill Clinton to disparager Snoop Doggy Dogg and that wide range of clientele accounts for the company selling $756.9 million dollars worth of merchandise each year. Last year, Tommy Hilfiger Corporation (TOM) was one of the vertex apparel firms traded on the New York Stock Exchange.

International Marketing MacDonald`s Essay

This paper exit look at the development of the McDonalds Corporation in Kazakhstan and the obstacles that it has overcome. It bequeath also look at the McDonalds Corporation in relation to its major rivalrys and analyze how the company has responded to its surrounding environment. In closing, we al offset for look at the prospects for McDonalds future and it volition be clear that McDonalds pull up stakes be able to maintain its dominant mart position. It will continue to be a model that serves as a benchmark for others in the industry. We will go on to analyze the market segments, target market, advertisement of the corporation to the target audience and performance of McDonalds Corporation.1.0 Introduction McDonalds Corp., headquartered in Oak condense Illinois, is the worlds number one fast forage chain, serving near 49 million customers daily. The company operates and licenses more than 31,000 restaurants 30,000 McDonalds in more or less 120 countries which generated a total $19.06 million in revenues for the fiscal year of 2012. McDonalds disfigurement is one of the ten most popular brands worldwide. Continuous marketing, promotional and public relations activities promote McDonalds brand image in order to differentiate the Company from its many competitors.McDonalds restaurant offer a menu that is uniform to all locations and emphasizes low treasure prices which includes its famous burgers, cheeseburgers like the Big Mac, Quarter Pounder with Cheese, several chicken sandwiches, Chicken McNuggets, french fries, salads, desserts, sundaes, prosperous drinks and other beverages. Its restaurants also provide breakfast menu that would include Egg McMuffin, bagel sandwiches, hotcakes, and muffins. Many saucily products were introduced in the last both years in accordance to the managements decision to establish a new menu with more choices that is expected to bring a signifi adviset growth in gross revenue as it was already shown by the financia l turn outs of 2012 which the highest increase in US comparable sales for the last 30 years.The successful manager constructs a marketing program designed for optimal adjustment to the uncertainty of the business climate. The inner circle represents the ara under control of the marketing manager. Assuming the unavoidable overall corporate resources structures, and competencies that can limit or promote strategic choice the marketing manager blends price, product, promotion, channels-of-distri notwithstandingion, and research activities to capitalize on anticipated demand. The governable elements can be altered in the long run and, usually, in the short run to adjust to changing market conditions, consumer tastes, or corporate objectives. Kazakhstan, from the Kazakh language, convey a land of Kazakhs Stan land.Kazakhstan is located in Central Asia, and is the ninth largest country in the world later on Russia, China, USA, Argentina, Brazil, Canada, India and Australia. It is si tuated north of Uzbekistan, northwest of Kyrgyzstan, northwest of Turkmenistan, eastmost of China, and south of Russia. Kazakhstan shares the Caspian Sea with other countries on its western border. As its neighbors in the region, Kazakhstan is a landlocked country and the second largest republic of the Commonwealth of Independent States after the Russian Federation. Kazakhstan doesnt have MacDonalds in the market. However it is really good opportunity to bring the fast food to a new market and get to know the husbandry. There must be a reason behind not having worlds most famous fast food corporation in a big country. According to my research it is possible to bring new product to the new market and get success in that market.2.0 Objectives1. To introduce MacDonalds to a new market in Kazakhstan city of Almaty 2. To open 20 franchise by the end of 2015 in Almaty, Kazakhstan 3. To increase sales in fast food in 5 coming years.4. To increase the customers till 50% by the end of 1st year. 3.0 Issues The theoretical framework of this written report is based on a number of relevant theories that are discussed in this part. The model which authors constructed in this study integrates cross-culture and 4P marketing dodging. It can be divided into two parts. Firstly, the authors will analyze some components of culture which lead to the phenomenon of cross culture, such as the different values, languages and customer behaviors. During this process, Hofstedes culture dimensions will be busy as the approach to understand cross-culture better. Secondly, based on the analysis of marketing standardization and adaptation, the marketing mix 4ps as main international marketing strategies will be used to achieve our research purpose.When marketers discuss international marketing, one of the principal(prenominal) issues often considered is the cultural differences. In relation to international marketing, culture can be defined as the sum total of learned beliefs, values, a nd customs that serve to direct consumer behavior in a particular countrys market (Doole and Lowe, 2008, p.73). Such components as beliefs, values and customs are often ingrained in a society and have obvious differences among different countries. cultural differences manifest themselves in several ways. Hofstede (2001) distinguishes symbols, heroes, rituals and values. Among thesethe underlying values are invisible. Although values are always invisible and may be hard to measure, they often crop an important role when the marketers try to make decisions, which help to enter a foreign market. Also, according to Mooij (2004), the values that characterize a society cannot be discovered directly.They can be inferred from various cultural products (fairy tales, childrens books, or advertising) or by asking members of society to score personal values by stating their preferences among alternatives, and and then calculating the central tendency of the answers. When it comes to marketi ng, the value concept is often used in an ethnocentric way. Besides, values are learned unconsciously, people are lone(prenominal) partly aware of them, and measuring values is not an easy job (Lowe et al, 1998). Often, the problems they face are a result of their mistaken assumption that foreign markets will be similar to the home market, and so they can do the business in a similar way.Doole and Lowe (2007) point out that the values of a culture satisfy a need within that society for order, direction and guidance. Culture sets the standards shared by significant sections of that society which, in turn, set the rules for operating in that market. Mooij (2003) considered that the managers of transnational corporations should provide appropriate products according to the local consumer values and buying behaviors of a certain market. The product strategy owing to cultural factors, usage factors and judicial factors. Hall (1990) described some countries culture is high-context cultu re.3.1 SWOT Analysis 3.2 Strength MacDonalds has a strong global presence with its nearest domestic competitor being only half its size, McDonalds is the market leader in both the domestic and international markets. MacDonalds benefit from cost reduction with economies of scale because of its enormous size and its huge global presence allows it to diversify risk involved with the economic performance of specific countries. In international markets, MacDonalds is well placed to expand and take advantage of long-term economic growth. MacDonalds also has a strong real estate portfolio. The companys outlets are located in areas that are highly known for visibility, traffic volume and ease of access. MacDonalds also has exceptional brand recognition. This strong brand recognition creates significant opportunities for the company. MacDonalds is able to generate more sales because of its brand recognition.3.3 WeaknessThe food industry is really saturated. As a result of this, MacDonalds h as to deal with the prospect of looming market saturation, which could make it difficult to add new outlets. The market is forecast to grow by around 2% per year. drop of product innovation is another weakness of McDonalds. The last breakthrough for McDonalds was the Chicken McNugget in 1983, but again the companys new strategy seems to have successfully dealt with the problem through the popularity of its new salads and other new products.3.4 OpportunityMacDonalds sold its Donatos Pizzeria back to its founder in 2003 and discontinue Boston market operations outside of the US. The company will instead focus on Chipotle Grill which is the companys most successful non MacDonalds branded chain of restaurants. Also to increase profitability the company has slowed its expansion of McDonalds restaurants so as to refurbish and change the image of current restaurants and adding new features such as Internet access.3.5 TreatsMcDonalds is exposed to changes in the global economy. The company s aggressive international expansion has left it extremely endangered to other countries economic slowdown. Foreign currency fluctuation is also another problem global companies like McDonalds. The Fast food industry is becoming an increasingly competitive sector. MacDonalds keeps up with competitors through expensive promotional campaigns which leads to limited margins to gain market share. McDonalds is attempting to differentiate itself, with new formats and new menu particular propositions, but other fast food industry are doing the same too.4.0 merchandising MacDonalds in Kazakhstan4.1 Marketing MixThe marketing mix can be adjusted on a frequent basis, to meet the changing needs of the target group, and the other dynamics of the marketing environment Barlon and Kimuli (2006). They are as follows product, price, place, and promotion. Having determine its key audiences, a company has to ensure a marketing mix is created those appeals specifically to those people. The marketing mix is a term used to describe the tetrad main marketing tools the 4Ps. By analyzing detailed info about their customers, as derived from ongoing market research, the McDonalds Marketing department can ascertain information key to determining the correct marketing mix. * Which products are well received in Kazakhstan* What prices consumers are willing to pay * What TV programmers, newspapers and advertising consumers read and regard * Which restaurants are visited Accurate research is essential in creating the right marketing mix which will help to win customer loyalty and increase sales. As the economy and social attitudes change, so do buying patterns. McDonalds needs to identify whether the number of target customers is growing or shrinking and whether their buying habits will change in the future. Market research considers everything that affects buying decisions. These buying decisions can often be affected by factors wider than just the product itself. Psychological factors are important, e.g. the image a particular product conveys or how the consumer feels when purchasing it. These psychological factors are of significant importance to the customer. They can be even more important than the products physical benefits. Through marketing, McDonalds establishes a prominent position in the minds of customers. This is known as branding.4.2 ProductThe important thing to remember when offering menu items to potential customers is that there is a huge amount of choice available to those potential customers with regard to how and where they spend their money. Therefore McDonalds places considerable emphasis on developing a menu which customers want. Market research establishes exactly what this is. However, customers requirements change over time. What is fashionable and attractive today may be discarded tomorrow. Marketing continuously monitors customers preferences. At any time a company will have a portfolio of products, each in a different stage of its cyc le. approximately of McDonalds options are growing in popularity while arguably the Big Mac is at the maturity stage.4.3 PriceThe customers perception of value is an important determinant of the price charged. Customers draw their own mental picture of what a product is worth. A product is more than a physical item it also has psychological connotations for the customer. The danger of using low price as a marketing tool is that the customer may feel that a low price is indicative of compromised quality. It is important when deciding on the price to be fully aware of the brand and its integrity.4.5 PromotionsThe promotions aspect of the marketing mix covers all types of marketing communications. One of the methods employed is advertising, sometimes known as above the line activity. Advertising is conducted on TV, radio, in cinema, online, using poster sites and in the press for slip in newspapers and magazines. What distinguishes advertising from other marketing communications is t hat media owners are paid before the advertiser can take space in the medium. Other promotional methods include sales promotions, point of sale display, merchandising, direct mail, telemarketing, exhibitions, seminars, loyalty schemes, door drops, demonstrations, etc.4.6 PlacePlace, as an element of the marketing mix, is not just about the physical location or distribution points for products. It encompasses the management of a range of processes involved in bringing products to the end consumer.

Effect of Spina Bifida on Different Age Groups

EFFECTS OF SPINA BIGIDA ON DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS Individuals who ar bear on with spina bifida are faced with numerous difficult ch all toldenges. The social factors are different in each age group (newinnate(p)s to infants, toddlers and preschoolers, school aged childlikesterren, adolescences, teenagers, and adulthood). Nevertheless, conclusion resources in your community of interests of interests, knowing what to expect, and cooking for the future can help increase confidence in managing spina bifida, enhance quality of life, and assist in meeting the privations of all family. Spina bifida affects the entire family.People who are affected by spina bifida get around in many different ways. This may include walking without any aids or assistance walking with braces, crutches or walkers and using wheelchairs. roughly people with spina bifida have difficulty picking up the verbal and non-verbal cues necessary for social skills. Some of the areas that mightiness be difficulty for them are talking over differences without getting angry, persistence when facing frustration, taking turns season talking, understanding social rules, demanding immediate attention, and waiting when necessary.However, finding resources, knowing what to expect, and intendning for the future can help. No two children with spina bifida are exactly alike. Childrens health issues will be different for each child. Some will have issues that are more severe than other children. With the right care, children born with spina bifida will grow up to reach their abounding potential. NEWBORNS AND INFANTS In many cases, infants and children with spina bifida require wee and frequent hospitalization. This can interrupt normal social development.The challenge is to balance medical needs with the need to let a child develop into a confident, self-sufficient and independent adult. Regular and bodily activity is important for all babies, especially for those with grooms that affect movement . There are numerous ways for babies with spina bifida to be active. Newborns and infants can be active by * playing with toys, such as activity mats * enjoy parks and recreation areas * participating in community programs, such as the Early Intervention Program for Infants and Toddlers with Disabilities, which is a free program n many communities and * do exercise with physical therapist. TODDLERS AND PRESCHOOLERS Life with a toddler or preschooler is twain fun and challenging. These young children experience huge mental, social, and emotional changes. They have a lot of energy and enthusiasm for exploring and reading about(predicate) their world and becoming independent. Since developing independence can be particularly trying for children with spina bifida, parents should begin helping their child develop independence aboriginal in childhood.The achievements can be measured one by one building blocks are an effective way to think of them. In the early years, miserable about and exploring things with the eyes, mouth and hands are the elements of independence for the toddler. Parents and other caregivers can help them bring about more active and independent by * educating the child about his or her body and about spina bifida * encouraging the child to develop choices, for example, have them choose between two items of clothing * asking the child to assist with daily tasks, such as putting away toys.Children with spina bifida might require extra help at times. It is very critical that children be given the opportunity to set up a task before help is given. It is also important that parents give only the help that is needed rather than helping with the entire task. Parents must kick the bucket skilled at learning the difficult balance between giving the right amount of help to increase their childs independence and confidence, while simultaneously not giving the child tasks that cannot reasonably be completed? which might decrease their childs confid ence. School agedSchool connects children regularly with the larger world. Friendships become important and physical, social, and mental skills develop quickly during this time. Children who feel good about themselves are more able to resist negative peer pressure and make better choices. Many children with spina bifida do vigorous in school but some can experience difficulties at school. There are children with learning disabilities (water on the brain), struggle with paying attention, work slowly, be restless, or lose things. They also might have difficulty making decisions. There are activities that children an do both at home and at school to help with these problems. These children might struggle with activities which lacks opportunity to socialize with peers. Children with spina bifida have fewer friends and spend less time with peers than regular developing children. Many social difficulties tend to be stable into adulthood. Fortunately, with the proper medical care, childr en with spina bifida can lead active and productive lives. Many children with spina bifida are happy in school and many are actively involved in modified sports activities despite their physical challenges.With recent progress in care for these children, their sentinel continues to improve. This is a significant time for children to become more responsible and independent. This is also a good time to start exploring potential lifetime interests such as hobbies, music, or sports. Acquiring independence can be challenging for people affected by spina bifida. It is important to begin working on this process early in childhood. Physical activity again is important for children of all ages, but especially for those with conditions that affect movement.For example, they can * engage in active play with friends * be adrift or walk in the neighborhood * enjoy parks and recreation areas with playgrounds that are reachable for those with disabilities * attend summer camps and recreational facilities that are accessible for those with disabilities and * introduce in sports activities and teams for people with or those without disabilities. Children with spina bifida often cannot control when they go to the bathroom (incontinence).They also can develop urinary tract infections. It is important to develop a plan for going to the bathroom that works and is as simple as possible. This can lead to increased health, participation, and independence at school and in the home, and bend embarrassment for children with spina bifida. ADOLESCENTS AND TEENS Many physical, mental, emotional, and social changes are associated with the adolescent and teen years. Teens and adolescents develop their own personalities and interests and want to become more independent.It is important for the parents and caregivers of adolescents and teens with spina bifida to take effective move toward making them independent starting in childhood, so that by the time they are older they can develop t he necessary skills to help them reach their full potential. Physical activity is important for all teens and adolescents. There are several ways for teens and adolescents with spina bifida to be active. For example, they can * engage in physical activities with friends * roll or walk in the neighborhood * lift weights participate in sports activities and on teams for people with and those without disabilities and * attend summer camps and recreational facilities that are accessible for those with disabilities. YOUNG giving The transition from adolescence to adulthood can be a time of progression and success, as well as difficulty. For people with spina bifida, it is specifically vital to begin planning for transitions in childhood so they are able to lead independent lives as adults. Young adults affected by spina bifida can face challenges, such as * learning to take care of their own health needs working or continuing their education * volunteering * finding and using transporta tion * living out-of-door their parents home and * obtaining healthy relationships. Young adults can provide or manage much of their own care. Some instances include * finding new doctors that care for adults affected by spina bifida * obtaining medical insurance if they are no longer covered under their parents health plan * talking to health care professionals about their condition * making doctor appointments * ordering or reordering medications and supplies * seeking immediate medical help when needed and managing their own bathroom plan. There are many ways for people with spina bifida to be active. Such as * roll or walk in the neighborhood * lift weights and * participate in sports activities and teams for people with or those without disabilities. Transportation is important, young adults need to be able to find and use transportation safely. Many adults with spina bifida have problems that can affect safe driving. They may need a driver rehabilitation evaluation specialist in order to identify if special changes are needed to a car to make it accessible for driving by someone with spina bifida.Adults also can learn to find and use other transportation safely, such as buses and cabs. Being safely active in their homes and communities will help adults become more independent. As adults plan for employment, college, or vocational training, they need to find and use transportation safely. Many young adults are still getting used to their new independence. They may have started working, volunteering, going to college or other training, or living on their own. Nonetheless, continuing to plan for the future is very important.This involves setting goals and how to achieve them. At times, unexpected problems can make life difficult. It is important for them not give up and to keep go towards their goals, even if their goals sometimes need to be modified, or take longer than planned. Planning now will help adults continue to grow and succeed as they get olde r. In summary, people with spina bifida will face lifelong medical challenges associated with this disorder, and the emotional and financial effects that the family will endure are overwhelming.In the United States, children born with spina bifida often live long and productive lives, even though they face many challenges. Though individuals reported having a high quality of life, they also set forth facing challenges and barriers that affect their ability to fully engage in life experiences. Individuals of all ages from birth through young adulthood reported experiencing common physical challenges such as pain, skin break-down, pressure sores, mobility limitations, latex allergy, and difficulties with endurance and balance.Some individuals between the ages of 6 and 18 years reported having scoliosis and breathing difficulties, during a time of quick growth. As youth reach the teen years through young adulthood, many also reported difficulties with weight gain and concern about se xuality. Although individuals with spina bifida may experience secondary conditions, the role of support has shown to be a large factor that minimizes these challenges. Family support has been reported as a critical component as well as support given to families from outside sources such as friends, relatives, churches and other community groups.These supports have shown to help reduce secondary complications for individuals with spina bifida as well as ensure that they can participate fully in life activities and experiences. While individuals with spina bifida face many challenges growing up -whether they are social, physical, or faculty member -remember that the person with spina bifida is first and foremost a person with similar desires, likes, talents, frustrations, and concerns as all people. They will experience the same developmental milestones as all individuals -from apothegm NO in the toddler years, to becoming more independent and social in the teen years, to thinking about relationships and employment in the adult years. We are privileged to live in a time of positive change and opportunities for people with disabilities. Expectations are changing for the positive to include individuals with disabilities in all facets of community living. Regrettably, change is usually a slow process and many of the physical and attitudinal barriers of society have not kept speed with the new positive expectations.

Not Legal, Not Advisable

Matthew is planning to open a manufacturing facility. He is considering a Christian-only hiring policy whereby he would determine to hire only professing, evangelical Christians to conk out in the facility. He asks you for your advice on the following questions 1. Would such a policy be legal? If so, under what terms and what might the restrictions be? 2. From a expectant bearing perspective, would this policy be advisable? 3. How would your answers change, if at totally, if they planned to open a Christian school rather than a manufacturing facility? non Legal, Not AdvisableThere are few organizations that are allowed to consider the faith of employees when hiring. Manufacturing facilities is not one of them. Our Civil Rights symbolise prohibits discrimination of religion. As U. S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (n. d. ) states, the Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits employment discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex and national origin (pa ra. 1). Organizations such as faith-based schools and some philanthropic organizations are not able to use government funding to assist in their activities if the result advances religion.Education Law Center (2010) states that the First Amendment to the U. S. Constitution prohibits Congress and all levels of state and local government form enacting laws respecting an establishment of religion. Public funds can only be used to support the non-religious services they provide. Opening a manufacturing facility that discriminates against race is also not advisable from a Great Commission Perspective. Romans 211 states that God shows no favoritism (NIV). God has created the regime facilities for us to use as needed. Christians would not want others to discriminate against them.There also should not be laws that prohibited the teaching of religious beliefs, therefore I count allowing certain organizations and schools to teach their religion should continue to be allowed. Education Law Center. (2010, June). Integrating Faith-Based Organizations into State-Funded Pre-K Programs. Retrieved from http//www. edlawcenter. org/assets/files/pdfs/publications/IntegratingFaithBasedOrganizations. pdf U. S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. (n. d. ). Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Retrieved November 23, 2012, from http//www. eeoc. gov/laws/statutes/titlevii. cfm

Fredric Jameson and the No Wave Art Movement Essay

In postmodern finesse, history is self-consciously reappropriated and re-fashioned into new rows. Postmodern subterfuge, Jameson argues, was a logical case of late- great(p)ism, which in its late stage has all toldowed society to abolish the distinction among high shade and mass culture, producing a culture of degradation. This was first taken up as an aesthetic by Andy Warhol. In the text, Postmodernism Style and Subversion, 1970-1990, Adamson and Pavitt note that Jameson, found Warhols glittering series Diamond Dust Shoes to be especially unnerving because of its incorporation of ommodity culture (70). finesse, according to both Warhol and Jameson is above all, a good, fewthing to be bought and sold. Warhols graze illustrates Jamesons contention that, Aesthetic fruit instantly has become integrated into commodity production (4). This conflation of art and commodity creates a world of cultural production that is incapable of depth and valuable social critique. fit to Jameson, the abstract aesthetic of modernism was an expression of the new social forms of abstraction specif ic to capitalism.In modernism, the universalization of the money-form manifests as a range of social abstractions including, for example, societys dominant way of seeing and representing the human beings aesthetically. In the age of global capitalism, the utopian sublime of modernism, to which Jameson referred, has disappe bed, and has been replaced by the postmodern cultural logic of consumption. With the universalization of capitalism, the distinction between culture and economics has collapsed. In postmodernism everything, including art and culture, is subject to the logic of commodif ication.In the text, The Cultural Turn, Jameson submits that postmodernity agnises the cultural economic at the same time that it turns the economic into so many forms of culture (81). This essay submits that the No fly high art movement that occurred between 1974 1984 in naked Yorks Low er East Side is therefore postmodern, by Jamesons standards, and yet resists this conflation of art and commodity that Jameson maintains is characteristic of this paradigm. Jamesons text, Postmodernism, suggests that with arts entry into the commodity sphere art becomes propelled not by ideas but by money (Adamson et. al, 70). John N.Duvall is critical of Jamesons linkage between culture and commodif ication in the postmodern context. Duvall writes in his text, Troping History, It is precisely change that, for Jameson, hindquarters no longer be imagined in postmodernism, since aesthetic production has been subsumed by commodity production, hence asinineing the modernist aesthetic of affect and hence of policy-making opinion (4). Jamesons characterization of postmodern art as enveloped in commodif ication overlooks art produced during this close that consciously existed exposeside the margins of the art securities industry and acted as a apology to the conditions of a commod if ied artistic arena.As alluded to by Duvall in the previous quotation, Jameson does not account for the possibility of political art production in postmoderism. As Perry Anderson notes, by the positioning of the postmodern between aesthetics and economics, Jameson omits, a sense of culture as a battlefield, that divides protagonists. That is the plane of politics downstairsstood as a pose in its own right (18). As Marvin J. Taylor describes, business district artists were profoundly aware of the failure of modernist revolutions, but were unwilling to abandon the possibility of a better world (22) 1.It is precisely this urge for a better world that Jameson contends is an impossibility in the context of late-capitalism, and absent from postmodern art production. To classify the No jounce subterfuge Movement as postmodern requires a working definition of this cultural epoch. The postmodern paradigm is commonly associated with a range of aesthetic practices, involving irony, frau dulence, self-consciousness, fragmentation, mutantful selfreflexivity and parataxis (Waugh, 325).Characterized more often than not by the qualities of annexation and simulation many postmodern artists addressed mass media and commodif ication in their 1 The term No Wave and Downtown scene are used synonymously in essays that describe movement. So too are these terms used interchangeably in this essay. work, including those artists in the No Wave Movement, specif ically Barabara Kruger, who came out of this movement and whom we look to specif ically at the end of this paper. As Glen Ward notes in his exposition of the chronology of postmodernism, More complex ideas about postmodernism quickly infiltrated the art world.Next to painting, photography and media-based work regained the limelight in the mid-1980s by seeming to provide a more obviously political postmodernism (41). Rather than being incorporated into the late-capitalist system some theorists argue that postmodern art i s a response to capitalist corruption, voicing an opposition to the world of commodities rather than becoming entrenched in it. There is no shortage of theorists and critics who have characterized the No Wave Art movement within the postmodern paradigm. As Carlo Mccormick describes in his essay, A Crack in Time, which appears in The Downtown admit, etween 1974 and 1984 in Downtown Manhattan occurred the true postmodern moment a time when modernism was most certainly dead and, unmoored from its schematics, creativity was based on flux, uncertainty, and searching (71). The No Wave Art movement can be characterized by several recurrent postmodern themes including notions of authentimetropolis the Downtown scene questioned the function of terms like authorship, originality, appropriation and tied them to the transgressive practices of theft, piracy and plagiarism.The second recurrent theme explored in the No Wave scene included performativity challenging notions of representation in a n environment of fragmented and multiple identities. Thirdly, the No Wave art scene is inextricably linked to its politics. As Taylor describes, Downtown art was activist and aggressive. Work was certain by the feminist movement, queer activism, AIDs, and poverty in postwar United States. As an expression of these politics, the No Wave Movement sought to criticize notions of institutional accreditation.This included an exploration of power structures, including the role of education, technical skills and technique. In her description of the Downtown Scene Gumpbert writes, What so many Downtown artists of this era did share is that they conceived their work as alternative, if not outright subversive, vis-a-vis traditional curatorial and exhibition practices. Incorrigibly and resolutely defiant, Downtown artists interrogated systems of accreditation, broke down generic disciplines, and directly engaged with political issues (14). Artists of the No Wave Art scene engaged with the poli tical issues that plagued New York City at the time.This featureif ies a potent antithesis to Jamesons notion of postmodern art as vacuous and incapable of politicization. Taylor writes, Suspicious of easy assimilation into the traditional Uptown art scene, Downtown artists mounted a full-scale assault on the structures of society that had led to grinding poverty, homelessness, the Vietnam War, nuclear power, misogyny, racism homophobia and a host of other social problems (22). As an aesthetic movement the No Wave Art scene stood as a passing politicized rejection of the evolution of art as commodity.It was also a domain of extreme artistic production, From graffiti art to appropriation to Neo-Geo, virtually every major development in American art during that compass point seems to have originated in one or more of the broadly speaking small, mostly storefront spaces that sprang up in the contested urban zones that characterized a neighbourhood in the early stages of transition from slum to middle-class playground (Gumpert, 84). The scene existed actively outside the art market, residing largely in informal alternative spaces (Gumpert, 13).As an expression of an alternative antiestablishment attitude much of the work produced at this time took the form of graffiti art or performance art. According to Gumpert, Artists, took to the streets in the late 1970s (11). Notable artists of this time include, the graffiti working of Jean-Michel Basquiat, Keith Herrings works in the citys subway platforms and on sidewalks and Richard Hambleton, whose work appeared in poorly lit downtown alleys and construction sites (11). The No Wave movement was also composed of a subcultural punk scene, a host of postmodern writers and experimental filmmakers and video artists.Most famously perhaps was the Times Square Show, that took place in 1980 in an empty massage parlour, with works from more than a hundred artists. These examples demonstrate the desire of many of the artists in the No Wave art movement to breakout of the simulation of the established art world (11). The work that is categorized as No Wave was characterized by a certain ephemerality, which allowed the artists and their works to resist the constraints of the commercial market. This offers a critique of Jamesons assumption that art produced in the postmodern paradigm is inextricably linked with an economic motivation.As Gumpert explains in the forward for the text, The Downtown Book The New York Art Scene 1974 1984, A majority of the works shown in these spaces were process oriented and situationally specif ic, involving a relationship between materials, concepts, actions and locations. They were sometimes spontaneous, improvisational, open-ended, and often collaborative. The works existed within a given time and then ceased to exist. As a result much of this work was labeled ephemeral, the intent being to create an view rather than a product, and new terms were devised to describe it, such as installation and performanceDuring this period artists out of necessity created and took control of their own contexts (10) In order to preserve much of the ephemeral work produced between 1974 1984 in New York, it was archived and documented in photographs, notes, and films. Irving Sandler accounts for the motives behind documentation in the No Wave art scene, theyre sympathies were countercultural, they believed that the documentation of a work was not art and thus not salable. They had turned to process art installation art, body art, and conceptual art because they did not want to create art commodities.Many also believed that their refusal to produce salable objects would subvert the art market (24). This demonstrates a anti-market sentiment in the production of postmodern No Wave art. Jameson does not account for this type of art production in the theories that he forwards in his text, Postmodernism. Writing about the No Wave literature, Robert Siegle identif ies a ce ntral insurgency against established structures of culture that existed in New York at that time. He wrote, It is, then, an insurgency, but not one that expects to break cease of some kind of specif ic corrupt institution.It is an insurgency against the silence of institutions, the muteness of the ideology of form, the unspoken violence of normalization (4). Siegle describes No Wave writing as quintessentially postmodern in its approach to the silence of institutions and to the position of the speaking subject. Rather than attempting to overthrow institutions, No Wave literature, according to Siegle, is premised on the attempt to image how the discourse of institutions constructs who we are, thereby using that knowledge to problematize cultural discourse. Although in his text, Suburban Ambush Downtown Writing and the manufacture ofInsurgency, Siegle speaks specif ically of writing, this assessment applies equally to all artists in the No Wave scene. Through the deployment of the postmodern techniques that Jameson describes, artwork in the No Wave context, was far from the depthless commodity that Jameson imagined. It was rather highly political, productive and subversive. In his text, Postmodernism and Consumer Society, Jameson furthers his claims that in postmodernism expressive depth is replaced by an aesthetic superficiality in a phenomenon that he describes as the waning of affect.This waning is directly associated to a little political imagination. Jameson uses a comparison of the work of painter Edvard Munch and Andy Warhol to evidence this modern to postmodern shift. He contends that in postmodernism historical depth is replaced by nostalgia. Simultaneously, parody is replaced by pastiche, and an art of surface and loss is substituted for a history which remains forever out of reach (198). Jameson feels, it is no longer clear what artists and writers of the present period are supposed to be doing (196).This invoking of nostalgia and pastiche creates a condition in which artists can only comment upon or reproduce past art. This is articulated with Jamesons description of postmodern art practice as being characterized by the failure of the new, the imprisonment in the past (196). In, The Postmodern Turn, Kellner and Best describe Jamesons theory noting, Coolness, blankness, and apathy become new moods for the decelerating, recessionary postmodern condition in an age of downsizing and diminishing expectations (134). Jameson seems to articulate his own failings in his description of postmodern art.He admits that he is confounded by the postmodern and political work of Hans Haacke who questioned the institution and capitalism through his postmodern art installations. Of Hacke, Jameson writes, The case of Haacke poses, however, a problem, for his is a kind of cultural production which is clearly postmodern and equally clearly political and oppositional something that does not compute within the paradigm and does not seem to have be en theoretically foreseen by it (159). The No Wave art movement equally confounds Jamesons theory towards a postmodern art that is bound by a sense of complicity.Much critique has been garnered by Jamesons position on the art of the postmodern. Theorist Linda Hutcheon is critical of Jamesons positioning of pastiche as a baseless technique, But the looking to both the aesthetic and the historical past in postmodernist architecture is anything but what Jameson describes as pastiche, that is the random cannibalization of all the styles of the past, the play of random stylistic allusion. There is absolutely nothing random or without principle in the parodic recall and re-examination of the pastTo include irony and play is never necessarily to exclude seriousness of purpose in post-modernist art. To misunderstand this is to misunderstand the nature of much contemporary aesthetic production even if it does make for neater theorizing. (26 -27) Downtown artists actively sought to address this issue of art production within a capitalist system. Their work is characterized by a postmodern multiplicity. In his essay on the Downtown scene, Siegle notes, Far from being defeated by contradictions, these postmoderns take form it the cue for an alternative logic.Far from being rendered hopeless by the seemingly inevitable drift of (inter)national politics, they borrow form disinformation the ironic habitation of familiar forms for cross-purposes. Far from being paralyzed by the anxiety of past get the hang influence, they appropriate them for commentary on classic motifs (such as mastery, originality, autonomy, representation) and art-world structures (such as publishing houses, galleries, museums, and criticism). Far from feeling compromised by the investment economics of art, they turn the art market into a microcosm of consumer capitalism and subvert its operations. 10) No Wave artists, though they invoked themes of capitalism, were in fact openly critical of it. They d id not create art with the intention of financial gain. Taylor presents Bourdieus theory on cultural capital to elucidate the artistic practices of those in the No Wave art scene and their pursuit for symbolic capital rather than economic. He writes, If the whole field of cultural production could be thought of as all those artists, poets, musicians, editors, publishers, critics, performers hen there could be subsets of this group who did not all conform to the desire for economic capital, but rather, and mostly because their work was experimental, sought symbolic capital from their peers (31). Jameson argued that postmodernism marks the final and complete incorporation of culture into the commodity system. This integration The No Wave art scene, in fact, actively critiqued this condition. Though the No Wave Art movement occurred under the conditions of late-capitalism, the work produced during this period does not embody this notion of depthless commodity Jameson maintains is the primary characteristic of postmodern art.Barbara Kruger is an example of a No Wave artist whose work engages with themes of the media and the market bit being simultaneously postmodern, anti-capitalist, and political. Krugers work, particularly her piece, Untitled, (When I hear the word culture I take out my cheque-book), serves as a response to the commodity culture postmodernism is so entrenched in. This work directly addresses Jamesons concern that postmodern art is incapable of an authentic engagement with politicization.Kruger evokes many postmodern themes in her work yet avoids the non-criticality of commodif ied art practice that Jameson forwards. Kruger invokes the postmodern technique of pastiche recombining previously articulated styles while actively producing new meanings through this act re-appropriation. For Jameson, smorgasbord is a recycling of the past without the critical edge of satire or the subversive role of parody it is a gesture to the past in a mediasaturat ed culture that lives in a perpetual present (Murphie, Potts, Macmillan, 58).Where Jameson forwarded the notion that pastiche was merely blank parody (184) Kruger enacts pastiche as a meaningful technique. As noted in Postmodernism Style and Subversion 1970 1990, She managed to break the conceptual barrier between art and mass media by selecting images from magazines from the 40s and 50s. Choosing them based on their poses and presenting phrases over them Stereotypes were thus turned into the vehicle for delivery of a totally different message (368). Some of the postmodern themes deployed by Kruger include, the questioning of meta-narrative tructures, highlighting the decentred nature of contemporary culture, and the divorcing of sign and signif ier. In her work Kruger operates within the language and iconic system of consumer culture while offering a critique of those very conditions. As outlined in this essay Jamesons theory of the cultural logic of late-capitalism fails to ident ify the critical aspect that characterized much of the work produced under the conditions of postmodernism. This is specif ically demonstrated through the work of No Wave artists operating out of New york in the 1970s and 80s.While invoking the aesthetic themes common to postmodernism the work produced in the No Wave scene was highly political and did not act as a static representation of commodif ied art culture. The work of Barbara Kruger specif ically dealt with the concern of art as existing in a commodif ied global economy rather than simply falling victim to it. It was in fact the movements shift towards commodity that marked the No Waves scenes decline. The year 1984 is signif icant to this movements trajectory. In his essay entitled, Playing the Field The Downtown Scene and Cultural Production, An IntroductionMarvin J. Taylor writes, By 1984 the larger art world had encroached on the scene. That same year Mary Boone displayed and began to sell Basquiats paintings for up to $ 20, 000 The major art journals, galleries, and auction houses had co-opted the restricted field of Downtown art, creating superstars and an influx of economic capital that would eventually overtake the symbolic capital (36). It was exactly this move into the realm of the market that ended the production of postmodern art within the Downtown scene.Postmodern artists active in the No Wave art movement Jamesons proposition that art made under postmodern conditions is incapable of exacting a political message. Works Cited Adamson, Glenn, Jane Pavitt, and Paola Antonelli. Postmodernism Style and Subversion, 1970-1990. London V&A Pub. , 2011. Bertens, Hans. The Idea of Postmodernism A History. London Routledge, 1995. Cameron, Dan. East settlement USA. New York New Museum of Contemporary Art, 2004. Duvall, John N. Productive Postmodernism Consuming Histories and Cultural Studies. Albany State University of New York, 2002.Hager, Steven. Art after Midnight The East Village Scene. New York S t. Martins, 1986. Hutcheon, Linda. A Poetics of Postmodernism History, Theory, Fiction. New York Routledge, 1988. Jameson, Fredric. Postmodernism, Or, The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism. Durham Duke UP, 1991. Jameson, Fredric. The Cultural Turn Selected Writings on the Postmodern, 1983-1998. London Verso, 1998. Kellner, Douglas, and Sean Homer. Fredric Jameson A Critical Reader. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire Palgrave Macmillan, 2004. Murphie, Andrew, and John Potts. socialization and Technology.New York Palgrave Macmillan, 2003. Perry Anderson. The Origins of Postmodernity. London Verso, 1998. Sandler, Irving. Art of the Postmodern Era From the Late 1960s to the Early 1990s. New York Icon Editions, 1996 Siegle, Robert. Suburban Ambush Downtown Writing and the Fiction of Insurgency. Baltimore Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989. Taylor, Marvin J. The Downtown Book The New York Art Scene, 1974-1984. Princeton, NJ Princeton UP, 2006. Ward, Glenn. Postmodernism. Chicago Contem porary, 2003. Print. Wheale, Nigel. The Postmodern Arts An Introductory Reader. London Routledge, 1995.

The World from Brown’s Lounge

With The World from Browns Lounge An Ethnography of Black Middle-Class Play Michael J. gong provides a narrative and interpretation of the play behavior of philia division inkinesss within the context of Browns Lounge, a neighbourhood bar in West Philadelphia. At the time he did his field look into at Browns, gong was a white, male, doctoral candidate at the University of Pennsylvania. The have got appears to be either his original thesis or a somewhat edited dissertation.The prose is accessible and not marked by the frequent subordinate cla maps and qualification of statements that mars a honourable stack of academician writing ( gong xi, 1-7). According to Bell The World from Browns Lounge is a study in black American folklore (Bell ix). However he does not use the word folklore in the traditional sense of myths, tales, and traditions usually passed on orally or through folk art, but rather as the artistic communication . . . used by ordinary people . . .that links us to gether in our day-to-day interactions (Bell ix). This folklore is studied in context, not merely as an academic exercise that force be done by reading a textbook about the folk beliefs of a people without regard to their lives. Bell describes what he saw in Browns and claims that it is folklore but pointedly refuses eng date in an argument as to whether or not the material in the book is in incident folklore. For the purposes of The World from Browns Lounge the reader must assume that the book is folklore.Frankly, this distinction seems artificial the text can and should be judged on its methodology and analysis and not on take in charges to fit the book to a pauseicular niche genre. Bell claims that the black middle class is (or at least was at the time the book was written) largely ignored in research with the focus being on the behavior and lifestyle of the poorer class. Even when the middle class has been addressed it has tended to interview individuals who exemplified their backwash and not observe members of the black middle class acting with each other.In essence Bell contends that at that time the research was done, the literature failed to recognize that the black middle class existed at all (Bell 1-5). The methodology Bell used was to sit in Browns Bar at various times throughout the day, detect the patrons and participating in their interactions for a period of about eighteen months beginning in 1972. The observation periods were typically three hours each. Bell describes himself as an active instrumentalist as he engaged in the discussions that occurred at Browns as well as participating in the consumption of alcohol.The regular patrons were aware of what he was doing and that descriptions of their activities might appear in his doctoral dissertation and possible a subsequent book. Bell recorded the conversations that occurred so that he might study them later. In summing up any individual who wished to could listen to any tapes, but no one chose to do so. Although Bell was aware that his presence in the black bar would run into the patrons, by being up front with them he hoped to minimize his affects on the patrons.In the process Bell did extended interviews with some of the key patrons (Bell 1-5). Interestingly he real a grant to engage in this research, which is good work if you can get it. Bell intended that his work describe how the day-to-day activities in a neighborhood bar reflect the values of the members of the neighborhood. He claims the study describes how the activities at Browns allow the patrons to conform to their desire to create and live within a human race that allows them to be both black and middle class (Bell 5).To do this he describes interactions between the patrons, at times actually quoting entire conversations and then attempts to classify and go bad them. These conversations are, at times, interesting, but are common to many social situations and not indications of middle class black be havior in the 1970s. Bell tries to make them so however. He claims that this behavior is an example of middle class blacks playing with each other verbally and non-verbally by talking shit, styling, and profiling (Bell). Bell writes that these conversations are improvisations with deep, in advance(p) meaning for middle class blacks.For example in a discussion on page 110 and analyzed on page 111 Bell offers the following. The barman Harriet asks the customers generally, was a . . . was a . . . (four-second silence) Jimmy Sailor in here yesterday? unmatchable of the patrons, Gill replies, I didnt see him. From these two sentences Bell draws the following analysis. Harriet was desire direct information. Gill responded in the same fashion as if it were a request for information and nothing else. This is straightforward enough and patently obvious.However Bell is not satisfied with this explanation and seeks a deeper meaning, in asking after Jimmy, Harriet made it clear that she believed that it was appropriate for her to know his whereabouts. One feels the need to ask why Bell mold would emphasize such a point. Fundamentally he may be correct, but a simpler, to a greater extent straightforward conclusion seems to be preferable Harriet was fishy about Jimmy. It is difficult to believe that at anytime during this process that Harriet consciously assumed it was proper for her to know where Jimmy was the day before.Similarly, Bell analyzes other conversations throughout the book. sort of of taking the discussions at face value Bell appears to believe each interaction is a continuous exchange of images of selfof who and what one isin smart set to convince the others present that all present are capable of acting coherently and correctly (Bell 8). This belief implies that each person at Browns is taking part in an improvisation performance determined to establish himself as an individual person and as a member of the group.In reality, it is far more likely that such conversations at Browns and similar ones at other bars and coffee computer storages are just that, conversations between people trying to relax and have a good time. The book suffers from a variety of problems besides the over analysis mentioned above. While reading the book one feels that Bell was describing a species that he is completely unrelated to in the same way that a zoologist might describe the behavior of a species of bird or mammal.Although the motivation for this distance appears to be an attempt to be as neutral as possible, certainly a laudable goal, when Bell describes or analyzes the activities in Browns and fails to place them within the contact of being middle class, black, or even human the book suffers. In fact, Bell states this is what he is doing in the preface, instead of limiting his study to a particular ethnic group, age group, or occupation Bell defines his study to a particular place, Browns (Bell x). This tightly focused limitation seems to greatly restrict the relevance of Bells work to other situations or people.Despite this self-imposed limitation, Bell makes frequent references to the behavior the middle class, though in Browns it is not the middle class, it is the only class. Bells research lacks a clearly defined identity. Although Bell purports to be providing a description of description of the black middle class at play, he provides no insight as to how the behavior of the middle class patrons differs from or is similar to the behavior of lower or upper class blacks as well as the behavior of classes of other races in their own neighborhood bar.Much of the behavior Bell describes seems to be no different than one might see in any local bar or coffee shop for even by watching a rerun of the television comedy Cheers. As pointed out in A Note on the Author in the last page of the book, Bell received his PhD and at the time of publication was an associate professor of English and folklore at Wayne State University . In addition he has published a variety of articles on urban folklore in a return of scholarly journals.A quick search of the databases at Questia reveal a number of books that referred to The World from Browns Lounge, but for the most parts these were merely listings in the bibliographies at the back of these books, although Loic Wacquant refers to it in 2004 as a fine book in eubstance & Soul Notebooks of an Apprentice Boxer (181). All in all, Bell has adequate, if not impressive academic credentials in this area. The book could do with more measured editing. Although naturally the conversation among the patrons should not be edited, when Bell is providing narrative he should maintain consistent, grammatically correct standards.An example of a failure to do so is his inconsistent of his treatment of some lyric. For example, the term middle-class appears in the books title and on page 1 and middle class on page 5 even though both are used to describe the same thing. Occasional ly Bell uses questionable grammatical constructions that should be corrected as well. To his credit, Bell uses occasional inline citations and provides an extensive bibliography that is useful. The World from Browns Lounge has no index, a feature that would prove useful to students and scholars using the text for literary searches.Due to the unusual meanings of many of the words used in the context of Browns a glossary would be helpful as well. Ultimately the book is not particularly satisfying. Perhaps in 1972 when the research was done or in 1983 when the book was published the book had more impact, but in todays world The World from Browns Lounge seems remarkably flat and uninteresting. One questions just what if anything Bell contributed to anthropological academic knowledge that justified his receiving a PhD with this dissertation supporting his candidacy, much less what justified its subsequent publication as a book.Although some of the play was interesting to read, Bells over analysis reduced it the trivial. Bells attempts to provide significance to ordinary conversations in a bar read more like long academic stretches in hopes of securing a doctorate than to do meaningful work. Works Cited Bell, Michael J. The World from Browns Lounge An Ethnography of Black Middle-Class Play. Urbana, IL University of Chicago Press, 1983 Wacquant, Loic. Body & Soul Notebooks of an Apprentice Boxer. New York Oxford University Press, 2004.

History of African American Music Essay

The history of African American medicament has been characterized by a mixture among sundry(a) forms of music. Country blues, urban blues, New Orleans Jazz, Bebop, big-band jazz, and rhythm and blues, have all influenced each other profoundly. These influences flowed back and forth among the various forms. But, black religious doctrine music had only a very limited effect on popular styles, until a few church-trained artificers, such as Sam Cooke and Ray Charles, began to incorporate gospel styling into their popular work.The result is usually described as soul music, a mix of blues, rhythm and blues, and gospel voices. But, if Ray Charles was one of the originators of soul music, Aretha Franklin reshaped it, by bringing even more of her gospel background to bear on secular love songs (Wade and Picardie 27). By combining popular elements with her stunning voice, her great musicianship, and the feeling for a song that she learned in church, Aretha became one of the greatest soul singers to ever live. Aretha Franklin is a well- cognize pop, R&B, and gospel singer.She has been nicknamed The Queen of Soul and is an internationally known artist and a symbol of pride in the African American community. Her popularity soared in 1967 when she released an album containing songs I Never Loved a Man, assess, and Baby I Love You. Throughout her race she has achieved fifteen Grammy Awards, Life fourth dimension Achievement Award, National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences Legend Awards, and many a(prenominal) Grammy anteroom of Fame Awards. In 1987 she became the first woman inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame.Time magazine chose her as one of the most influential artists and entertainers of the 20th century. She sang at Dr. Martin Luther Kings funeral and at former President Bill Clintons inaugural party. Although she has all these accomplishments and awards there are other reasons that have driven Franklin to fame and come her on the front cover of Time magazine on June 28, 1968. The reasons I believe allowed Aretha Franklin to become so successful are the following Her familys exponentiation with religion, the inspiring plurality that surrounded her, and the pain she suffered.It is clear that because her familys involvement with religion would be one reason why Aretha Franklin became as famous as a Gospel singer. Some people would say that her love for religion is unbelievable, but after researching her childhood it is very believable. Her suffer, Reverend Clarence LaVaugh Franklin lived in Shelby Mississippi and preached composition living the life of a sharecropper. As soon as he had enough money, he would move to Memphis, Tennessee to become a pastor of twain churches. after(prenominal) a couple of years he attended LeMoyne College, and he studied Education and English Literature.With his education he was able to bring a more liberal view to his preachings. Then he moved the family to Buffalo, New York. When he had t he resources, he moved the family again to Detroit, Michigan were he settled and became a pastor of a churched called New Bethel Baptist Church. He quickly became one of the most famous pastors in the city of Detroit. Aretha was two years old when they made their last move, she would grow up here and grab the emotion of Church and incorporate it into her music. Aretha Franklins mom, Barbara V. Skaggers, served as choir director and pianist.Aretha describes her mom as a superior singer, her voice was clear and distinctive. (Franklin and Ritz, 6) Her parents taught her how to sing with great pride. This was a big issue because the late 50s, early 60s was a time of turmoil for African Americans. Her father especially tried to instill pride into her. He was a Civil Rights activist and he was a close colleague with Dr. Martin Luther King. With her parents keeping her involved in Church she was bound to become one of the worlds greatest singers. At around age 12, the father recognized A rethas talent as a singer.So he took her on the road with his traveling gospel show. This was important because it shows the kind of support Aretha received from her family. It was said, She was a spellbinding performer at the age of fourteen. (Franklin, 3) So her family really supported and inspired her to become a gospel singer. What also made her a great artist was that she had inspiring people all around her. Aretha grew up in Detroit which at the time was a rousing city or a city of hope for the African Americans cart track a musical mode from the brutality of the South.Though Detroit still had its problems such as race riots, many famous musicians grew up there. Also since New Bethel Baptist Church was so prominent, many musicians and political leaders used Reverend Franklins pulpit as a platform to sing or speak to the Blacks of Detroit. Aretha was introduced to simple music by Smokey Robinsons sister Sylvia Burston. She listened to well known local anesthetic DJs like Rut h Brown and Senator Brystal Brown. When Aretha was younger, she would ride her bike to the local park, and on her way home she would stop by a night club where you could here B.B. King perform. She says, You could hear the soft sound of his guitar all the way to the sidewalk (Franklin and Ritz, 22). National and local political leaders would give there speeches. Speakers such as Dr. Adam Clayton Powell, Sr. , Dr. Martin Luther King, and Reverend Jesse capital of Mississippi would speak powerfully to the church. Aretha was directly influenced by Miriam Anderson, Sammy Davis, and Roy Wilkins. Detroit was overflowing with talent and speakers which I believe also contributed to Arethas success.Pain was probably what really drove Aretha Franklins success. As utter before, Franklins family was highly religious and was continually involved in the Church. But that doesnt mean that she hadnt been through a tremendous amount of pain. early in life her mother and father got a divorce. The fa ther was better suitable to raise Aretha and her four Siblings. The mother moved to Buffalo, New York and tried to tiller regular visits to see her children. She was supported her children in the best way she could, but when Aretha needed her, she still was not reachable.Matters became worst a few years afterward when Arethas mom dies of a stroke. Aretha described her mom by saying she was the absolute lady (Smith, 3). At age 15 she had her first child and two years later another would come. But Aretha still wanted to go out and be with friends, so her grandmother usually babysat for her periodically. In a time when Black Activism, Feminism, and Sexual Liberation were high, she needed to provide for herself. So when Aretha was old enough and was ready to start performing, she hired a man named Ted White to be her manager.He later became her husband. In the future she would divorce him for a famous actor which would end in divorce, too. Even though in 1968 to 1969, Franklins career was rising rapidly. She was still described by her Producer Jerry Wexler as a person whose depressions runs deeper than the sea (Ritchie Unterberger, 3). Then one of Franklins highest admirers, gospel giant Mahalia Jackson died. Right after her death a extremely delirious gospel album was released my Aretha Amazing Grace This record was considered to be one of the most emotional records of its time.Much of the pain that Aretha suffered was not really publicized, but still it had to be one of the reasons for her to have such a powerful voice. Aretha Franklin was a successful artist and still inspires musicians today. Her voice is still described as incredible. She has all the awards that she needs to show her talent. Works cited Franklin, Aretha, and David Ritz. Aretha From These Roots. New York Villard, 1999. Print. Carroll, Jillian. Aretha Franklin. Chicago Raintree, 2004. Print.

Life and Women Bearing Women Essay

Harwoods elegy Mother Who Gave Me Life nostalgically explores the confronting concepts of the unavoidability of destruction and past bare-assed memories. Harwood explains explores the fragility e nature of life through the fabric motif symbolism fine threadbare linen depicting symbolising the frailty picture of her mother and the inevitability of her demise. Similarly, the reminiscent cosmic and iconic imagery depicts the futile effort to extend life I prayed you would see live to see Halleys Comet a second time.Furthermore, the reference to Halleys Comet informs the audience of the personas short-lived hope for human immortality, on to be brought back to the reality of death. In addition, the author speaks ofoutlines a cycle of death and the continuity of life, shown through repetition that is as perpetuated through motherhood shown through repetition I think of women thrill women which utilises gender specific diction to highlight the significance of women as a .Thus, the cycle of women bearing women is shown as a symbol of life and continuity. Likewise, through accumulative listing, Harwood provides an insight into the human history of motherhood, noting that that it transcends all temporal restraints indicated through cumulative listing your mother, and hers and beyond, and its ability to never cease. Though Harwood constantly implies of her desire to be able to extend life she acknowledges that in reality death is inevitable through the use of goods and services of elegiac language you left the world so. at long last through elemental references and instinctive imagery, Motherhood is portrayed to be infinite and as the link between prehistoric and current epochs elucidated through elemental references and natural imagery ice, rock, fire. Hence, through the use of a variety of language techniques, Harwood is able to explore the challenging images of the inevitability of mortality through its inevitable nature whilst offering nostalgic recollections of her mother to signify the mportance of motherhood in establishing the continuity of life providing readers with a valued text. and cycle of mournful self-reflective thoughts through the use of motherhood, providing a valued text. The ode style poem Harwoods diptich poem, Father and Child, investigates the notion centrality of seminal experiences in shaping ones understanding of of a sad longing for the past whilst simultaneously acknowledging the inevitability of death through the rhyming pattern of its stanza, hence creating a valued text for the audience reader.The idea of simple-minded innocence and naivety immortality is expressed through the masculine diction master of life and death and power metaphor a wisp-haired judge exposing the child as an self-proclaimed vigilante. However, the self vilification of the child upon the his shooting of the owl is, expressed through a woeful reminiscent self reflection mirror my cruelty. This portrayings the confronting bailiwick of m ortality through the physical pain of the owl and the emotional torment of the child.Another memory that highlights the both the challenging concepts of nostalgia and death, is the symbolic death of the childs innocence demonstrated in the juxtaposition a lonely child who believe death clean and final, not this obscene. Hence, this shows the naivety of the child, and the stinging memory of an un-romanticized death that has remained. Finally through the use of empathic language, the childs harsh epiphany is shown I wept, owl blind in the early sun. This implying lies the personas is shimmy to show a new appreciation for morality. In Nightfall the second part of the poem the persona uses a collective pronoun to depict togetherness as a notion of eternity which transcends earthly beings we stand in times long promised land. The nostalgic tone presents the audience with Harwoods perspective of the unyielding serve well of time and the inevitability of death.This notion is emphasised through parallelism we pick our last yields, hence utilising showing the reader of the organic discourse which to presents the comparison of the ripeness of fruit to the infinite life cycle of birth and decay. Furthermore, inevitability of death is illuminated through past tense of the self reflective question Who can be what you were? implying that personas father has ceased to exist. Through the character of the child, it is clearly evident that the poem Father and Child explores the challenging ideas of nostalgia and mortality making the texts valued in the eyes of the reader.

To Document Ella Baker’s Life

To document Ella Bakers life is to recount the history of the obliging rights movement. Whenever there was a cause to fight for or a group to organize, this dedicated women was there. Ella was born 1903, she grew up and received her education in North Carolina. Upon and at unrivalled time, president of the New York branch Ella went southeast in the 1950s to help the civil rights movement as it was developing in Alabama.With 30 years of organizing experience under her belt, Ellas advice to Martin Luther King, Jr. nd other leaders of the Montgomery bus boycott in 1955 was invaluable. She stayed South and helped Dr. King set up the headquarters of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference(SCLC). A hardly a(prenominal) years later she played an important part in helping to organize student sit in demonstrations that were occurring all over the South. This activity led to the formation of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), one of the most powerful student-activi st movements formed in U. S. history.She also helped to found the Mississippi Freedom Democratic society in 1964, which helped to give African Americans in Mississippi more political power. Ella continued to serve as the godmother and mentor of SNCC as it moved into other human rights issues. Her greatest asset was her ability to organize and mobilise people of all generations. Although her name was not publicized as much as other antheral leaders, the civil rights movement would not have been the same without her.Shortly before her death in 1986, a documentary titled Fundi The Story of Ella Baker was aired on public television. Fundi is the Swahili word for a someone who passes on skill to a younger generation. It is a fitting description of Ella Bakers legacy. graduating from Shaw University, she moved to New York metropolis just before the Depression of 1929. There she became active in various causes. She worked briefly with the Work Projects court (WPA) and then worked to e nd discrimination in organized labor through the NAACP.

A Pen and A Paper: The Beauty of Life Essay

When cigarette a person say that he or she last learn what is spiritedness and what demeanor offers? It is such a hard question and maybe not all wad great deal answer it besides when can we really give a proof that we were fitted to fulfill our care in life? Life is a mystery and not all of the things hap spelling in us have an explanation. Yes, maybe science can answer our question only if can it lead us into reason that life is a matter of taking choices and doing aroundthing worthy of our endeavors?One persons life can be different to other and so it tells us that there are differences and one postal service can be the same with hundred more all over the world. Thus, the power of a pen and a write up, magnificently performed its ultimate purpose, and it is to tell the whole world what it there in your world, no restrictions but just plain storytelling of something different or something common but made you who you are and changed the lives of many others. The imp rove mass medium for intercultural communication that will unite several cultures from all over the world, literature is the key to understanding ones roots and environment.Hidden Magic of Pen and Paper One of the best things in this life is the ability of the plurality to tell their own stories despite of it passing already. There are some things that can never be done again. However, through literature, we can go back to those days or we can exactly learn about the great things in life, whether the story is sad or happy, in the end, we were able to give happiness in this life and we were able to share a piece of paper that coincides down someones thought about everything in life.There could be several ship canal on how a person can share his or her thoughts, but a story that can last over a lifetime can be achieved when we decide to write down everything that we cute to share to others. Although it is not the kind of medium that everyone can understand and everyone can learn on an instant, it is the medium that can be passed to several generations and can r to each one several nations. Traditional will al ways be more admired than what the present offers us.Perhaps we can simply say that as we use pen and paper in sharing magnificent stories about life and touching the lives of other people we do not eff, we certainly understand that books, pen and paper have the ability to let other know about something associated with us. A Brave Thing It is indeed brave enough to hold an event that each and every one of the people around the world can participate into especially those who prefer to hold a paper and write down their thoughts. Not everyone can come out from their shell and simply let go of their creativity but some are good enough to take the risk.When you finally decided that in writing you can provide others help and enlightenment, then probably you can hear to work on something that can help authors and others. Emirates Airline international fies ta of literature although is new was able to become successful and bring authors and fans together for a conversation, a debate, a dialogue which probably was a good part of the itinerarium. As the festival brings sixty-five authors and poets, they aimed to help others wherein poverty is one of the issues they have to tap.Organizing such events have deep reasons and the organizers were really intelligent to let something like this happened which will link other people from each other especially when we are talking about the boundaries of culture already. Although most of the participants came from one ground to another which has different cultures and different environment, the festival served as a stepping stone towards uniting the field, the industry and the people who can understand that there should be no boundaries but the freedom to explain what they feel about.Although the festival seem to be a small gathering well, it is not and that the people have their own ways on how w ill understand what this festival wanted to convey. There are problems before the festival happened but because of the good intention of this event, it was not stopped and it was able to continue and perform its goal which is to bring writers together and also to bridge between cultures and differences.

How Harry Potter Changed the World

Communication written report chevy fiddle When I was young, I went to school waiting all day to get back to my Super Nintendo and play good deal Griffey Jr baseball. I grew up in a world of technology and awesome gadgets and toys that left me no while to even think ab appear teaching. When I was in the 4th grade a set aside came out that changed my generations view on reading this book made it cool and fun for kids to read. This book was fire ceramicist and twelve years later it is more usual than ever before. hassle mess around is the worlds most popular book series, and some citizenry that it has saved reading (Sperling,1). scourge mess around is also the most successful choose series of all time, surpassing Star Wars and the James Bond series (Miller, 1). Harry potter has had an unthinkable impact, not only on the younger generations, but on all the generations in our society. In this paper I will argue that Harry throwster is the novel of a generation and sparke d social change. The first Harry Potter book came out in 1997 in Europe and 1998 in the United States. And since consequently it has become a multi-billion dollar brand (Watson and Keller, 1). Potter was instantly a hit and our culture caught the Harry Potter craze.People fell in love with the first book p arnts claimed that it saved reading(Sperling,1). Harry Potter changed the precedence of millions of children instead of rushing home to play video games or watch TV, kids were sitting on the step of their schools reading Harry Potter. All one needs to do is look at the numbers, and you will attain the amount of impact that Harry Potter has had on the world let alone Americas culture. The Harry Potter series has sold more than 325 million copies worldwide in more than 90 countries (BBC,1).The Harry Potter movies be possessed of continuously grossed more than 500 million dollars. Popularity is not everything, but people love Harry Potter and there is a lot more to the books t han just a rattling(a) story. Many people look into the stories and see how these books could shape our culture. Many p arents and religious leaders call fored Harry Potter and the Sorcerers Stone banned because they said that the book receptive up children s minds to the occult and former(a) thing that would push them away from God (Barbra, 1). The first Harry Potter book opened people up power that had not been seen since Huckleberry Fin.The book had turned into something bigger than just another childrens book, the book had started a cultural debate. Harry Potter is literary genius and brought countless of kids to reading, and still people mat that it was from the Devil and was actually harming kids. These debates made it to the news, and they were discussed among many a(prenominal) another(prenominal) parents. This book started off with a cultural bang, and laid the embellish for what would become the great debate of Harry Potter. The Harry Potter phenomenon sparked a con versation that not many books have sparked.How much power should a novel have on the choices that children solve (O Brien, 1)? There are many people who believe that Harry Potter is having a persuasive negative effect on our younger generation. These people believe that Harry Potter is clouding our younger generations ability to decipher between good and evil (O Brien, 1). Some of the accusations that have been brought against Harry Potter seem pretty ridiculous to me, but you have to respect the fact that many people in this world feel that Harry Potter is a bad influence. Harry Potter has sparked a debate over if the book is good or bad for our culture.Most of these groups that believe that Harry Potter has a negative effect on our society are religious groups. Religious groups have a fear that the youth of this generation will look at the Harry Potter books instead of the Bible. This is the perfect example to show that Harry Potter is culturally germane(predicate) and changing the way people view books and their impact on society. There are many groups that have taken a more positive light on the Harry Potter books. These groups take the Harry Potter message just as seriously as the religious groups but they see these books as a spark to positive social change.The Harry Potter Alliance is one of the names of the groups that look to bring positive change in the name of Potter. Dont let the name mugful you, these groups are serious about bringing change. The vision statement of the Harry Potter Alliance is rightful(prenominal) as Dumbledores Army wakes the world up to Voldemorts return, works for equal rights of house elves and werewolves, and empowers its members, we cut back with partner NGOs to alerting the world to the dangers of global warming, poverty, and genocide. Work with our partners for equal rights regardless, of race, gender and sexuality.Encourage our members to sharpen the magic of their creativity in endeavoring to make the word a bet ter place. Join our army to make the world a safer, more magical place, and let your voice be heard. (Belser, 1) This quote gives you a glimpse into the seriousness of the Harry Potter Alliance. This group is putting their mission statement into action. When Haiti was struck by the foul earthquake in January the HPA raised 123,000 dollars in two weeks (Belser, 1). The HPA has also donated more than 55,000 books since 2009 (Belser, 1).This organization is striving for change, and this group was founded on principles that were learned from the Harry Potter books. A novel has changed the way people look at the world. JK Rowling may not have meant to follow in the footsteps of Charles Dickens and his story A Christmas Carol, but she has. She has opened the minds of many different cultures and sparked social change. The Harry Potter Alliance is an extreme example of how Harry Potter has opened the minds of its readers, but there are many more subtle ways on how Harry Potter has changed its readers.Harry Potter teaches its readers about true friendship, loyalty, hope, and standing up for what you believe in. Those are qualities that most parents want for their children and those are the qualities that Harry Potter is teaching our younger generation. Harry Potter has changed American culture. One susceptibility argue that Harry Potter is just a book and books cannot change the culture it is the people who read the book that change the culture. That would demean the power that the novel has.There is a power that Harry Potter has and it is tough to deny it. Harry Potter is a phenomenon because it was able to catch the attention of a generation that many people feared were straying away from literature. Potter reached a culture that was all about the media for entertainment, there was a fear that novels were a dying breed. The Power of Potter proved that kids of the 21st century could still be moved by literature. Thats why Harry Potter is the book of a generation. H arry Potter has sparked a social change and brought a love for literature

Project Manager Essay

The briny communication method they use is the think. This is because it is handy and convenient to use, and it is also fast. They use telephone for various reasons such as to arrange an appointment, to confirm assembles, to book activities etc. The alternative method instead of using the telephone could be e-mail and letter, this way they shag keep the letter for hard feign and evidence to confirm that they did arrange the appointment if in that respect ar any complications. The Fax machine is instead useful because it is fast and the letter can be kept for hard copy so there will be no need to lineament up any training.A meeting saves quite a lot of time and they get feedback from people immediately. Some information may be occult so a certain method may need to be used such as face to face or letter, this way no confidential information is being leaked. There are different types of communication used because they need to know which type of communication to use for eac h dissolve for example if its confidential they can either use telephone or letter so that no confidential information is being released out. And also if letter or email is being used, this can be kept for future reference and hard evidence for any purpose.Although there are whatsoever disadvantages of using the alternative methods, this is due to the confidentiality of information handling. Some information needs to remain or private in a company so a certain method has to be used. How information is collected, elegant and stored All administrative rung play a key role in Collecting information whether it arrives in the mail, electronically, by telephone or is passed on by word of mouth. Processing information inputting it, merge it with other information, sorting it, reorganising it, reproducing it or updating current records.Storing information in filing systems and on computer. The main aspect of a storage system is so you can find things quickly and the items stored are k ept in good condition. Information is processed when it is changed or converted in some way. It may be improved or may be prepared for a particular use such as notes from meetings, messages from telephones, sales figures that need to be input into a spreadsheet etc. These roles are important to the product line because it depends how well(p) information has been organised and stored so that it can easily be accessed when it is needed.Every day, Businesses receive a capacious amount of paperwork that is generated by organisations such as forms, fax messages, telephone messages, letters, memos reports and many more. So the administrative staff is responsible for the storage, processing and collecting these information in order to keep the constant flow of the Business going. Post arrives at the reception and then is sorted and stored separately by name in a little locker by the reception benefactor, each locker is provided with a key so the garbage disposal assistant or the anim al trainer has to collect their post from their locker.After all the post is bought back to the section to be opened and read, they also have to do certain things such as processing and storing the type of information. For example When they receive an invoice for the art and crafts equipment, the amount is processed onto spreadsheet on the computer by the disposal assistant. This is because they need to record how much money is spent using the companys money. Then the assistant writes a number on top of the invoice to help keep all the invoices in order which is then kept in a box appoint then stacked on the ledge.When the draw off is made out, the same number as the invoice is also written on the top of the check out so they know they match. Records of the young people who join the community are kept on a CD Rom. Their details are also kept in a lever arch file and are updated if any changes have been made. The lever arch file is then stacked on the shelf along with some other files. When an application form is received, it is read by the manager and details of that person are noted down and then the form is filed in a vertical filing cabinet.If the manager approves one or two forms, he then photocopies them and then the original copy is filed and the other is direct to the director. All other information such as catalogues and booklets from the suppliers of office organisations are stored in a proud cardboard box file and is kept on the shelf. Decision making Decisions are made every(prenominal) day within businesses. The Board of Directors makes the major decisions at GAZ and the Project Manager makes the simple decisions such as what equipment to buy.